Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea.
Mol Neurobiol. 2018 May;55(5):3739-3754. doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0608-1. Epub 2017 May 22.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, behavioral, and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Symptoms of this disorder are managed by treatment with methylphenidate, amphetamine, and/or atomoxetine. The cause of ADHD is unknown, but substantial evidence indicates that this disorder has a significant genetic component. Transgenic animals have become an essential tool in uncovering the genetic factors underlying ADHD. Although they cannot accurately reflect the human condition, they can provide insights into the disorder that cannot be obtained from human studies due to various limitations. An ideal animal model of ADHD must have face (similarity in symptoms), predictive (similarity in response to treatment or medications), and construct (similarity in etiology or underlying pathophysiological mechanism) validity. As the exact etiology of ADHD remains unclear, the construct validity of animal models of ADHD would always be limited. The proposed transgenic animal models of ADHD have substantially increased and diversified over the years. In this paper, we compiled and explored the validity of proposed transgenic animal models of ADHD. Each of the reviewed transgenic animal models has strengths and limitations. Some fulfill most of the validity criteria of an animal model of ADHD and have been extensively used, while there are others that require further validation. Nevertheless, these transgenic animal models of ADHD have provided and will continue to provide valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of this complex disorder.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种常见的、行为性的、异质性的神经发育障碍，其特征为多动、冲动和注意力不集中。该障碍的症状通过治疗药物（哌甲酯、安非他命和/或托莫西汀）来控制。ADHD 的病因尚不清楚，但大量证据表明该障碍具有重要的遗传成分。转基因动物已成为揭示 ADHD 遗传因素的重要工具。尽管它们不能准确反映人类的状况，但由于各种限制，它们可以提供人类研究无法获得的关于该障碍的见解。ADHD 的理想动物模型必须具有表面效度（症状相似）、预测效度（对治疗或药物的反应相似）和结构效度（病因或潜在病理生理机制相似）。由于 ADHD 的确切病因仍不清楚，因此 ADHD 动物模型的结构效度将始终受到限制。近年来，ADHD 的拟转基因动物模型数量大幅增加且多样化。在本文中，我们对 ADHD 的拟转基因动物模型的有效性进行了汇编和探讨。所综述的每一种转基因动物模型都有其优点和局限性。其中一些模型满足 ADHD 动物模型的大多数有效性标准，并已被广泛使用，而另一些模型则需要进一步验证。然而，这些 ADHD 的转基因动物模型已经并将继续为了解这种复杂疾病的遗传基础提供有价值的见解。
