Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, 9th Floor Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA; School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA.
Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, 9th Floor Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2018 Feb;199:87-95. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.038. Epub 2017 May 19.
Public health approaches to crime and injury prevention are increasingly focused on the physical places and environments where violence is concentrated. In this study, our aim is to explore the association between historic place-based racial discrimination captured in the 1937 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) map of Philadelphia and present-day violent crime and firearm injuries. The creators of the 1937 HOLC map zoned Philadelphia based in a hierarchical system wherein first-grade and green color zones were used to indicate areas desirable for government-backed mortgage lending and economic development, a second-grade or blue zone for areas that were already developed and stable, a third-grade or yellow zone for areas with evidence of decline and influx of a "low grade population," and fourth-grade or red zone for areas with dilapidated or informal housing and an "undesirable population" of predominately Black residents. We conducted an empirical spatial analysis of the concentration of firearm assaults and violent crimes in 2013 through 2014 relative to zoning in the 1937 HOLC map. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors at the time the map was created from the 1940 Census, firearm injury rates are highest in historically red-zoned areas of Philadelphia. The relationship between HOLC map zones and general violent crime is not supported after adjusting for historical Census data. This analysis extends historic perspective to the relationship between emplaced structural racism and violence, and situates the socio-ecological context in which people live at the forefront of this association.
公共卫生部门越来越关注犯罪和伤害预防，重点关注暴力集中的物理场所和环境。在这项研究中，我们旨在探讨 1937 年费城房主贷款公司（HOLC）地图中记录的历史地点种族歧视与当今暴力犯罪和枪支伤害之间的关联。1937 年 HOLC 地图的创建者根据分层系统对费城进行分区，其中一级和绿色区域用于表示政府支持抵押贷款和经济发展的理想区域，二级或蓝色区域用于已经开发且稳定的区域，三级或黄色区域用于显示衰退迹象和“低等级人口”涌入的区域，四级或红色区域用于破旧或非正式住房以及主要为黑人居民的“不受欢迎人口”的区域。我们对 2013 年至 2014 年与 1937 年 HOLC 地图分区相关的枪支袭击和暴力犯罪的集中情况进行了实证空间分析。在根据 1940 年人口普查创建地图时的社会人口因素进行调整后，枪支伤害率在费城历史上的红色区域最高。在调整历史人口普查数据后，HOLC 地图区域与一般暴力犯罪之间的关系并不成立。这项分析将历史视角扩展到了结构性种族主义与暴力之间的关系，并将人们生活的社会生态环境置于这种关联的前沿。
