Beineke Andreas, Baumgärtner Wolfgang, Wohlsein Peter
Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.
Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany.
One Health. 2015 Sep 13;1:49-59. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.09.002. eCollection 2015 Dec.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a pantropic morbillivirus with a worldwide distribution, which causes fatal disease in dogs. Affected animals develop dyspnea, diarrhea, neurological signs and profound immunosuppression. Systemic CDV infection, resembling distemper in domestic dogs, can be found also in wild canids (e.g. wolves, foxes), procyonids (e.g. raccoons, kinkajous), ailurids (e.g. red pandas), ursids (e.g. black bears, giant pandas), mustelids (e.g. ferrets, minks), viverrids (e.g. civets, genets), hyaenids (e.g. spotted hyenas), and large felids (e.g. lions, tigers). Furthermore, besides infection with the closely related phocine distemper virus, seals can become infected by CDV. In some CDV outbreaks including the mass mortalities among Baikal and Caspian seals and large felids in the Serengeti Park, terrestrial carnivores including dogs and wolves have been suspected as vectors for the infectious agent. In addition, lethal infections have been described in non-carnivore species such as peccaries and non-human primates demonstrating the remarkable ability of the pathogen to cross species barriers. Mutations affecting the CDV H protein required for virus attachment to host-cell receptors are associated with virulence and disease emergence in novel host species. The broad and expanding host range of CDV and its maintenance within wildlife reservoir hosts considerably hampers disease eradication.
犬瘟热病毒（CDV）是一种泛嗜性麻疹病毒，在全球范围内均有分布，可导致犬类致命疾病。受感染的动物会出现呼吸困难、腹泻、神经症状以及严重的免疫抑制。全身性CDV感染在野生犬科动物（如狼、狐狸）、浣熊科动物（如浣熊、蜜熊）、小熊猫科动物（如小熊猫）、熊科动物（如黑熊、大熊猫）、鼬科动物（如雪貂、水貂）、灵猫科动物（如灵猫、豹猫）、鬣狗科动物（如斑鬣狗）以及大型猫科动物（如狮子、老虎）中也有发现，类似于家犬的犬瘟热。此外，除了感染密切相关的海豹瘟热病毒外，海豹也可感染CDV。在一些CDV疫情中，包括贝加尔湖海豹和里海海豹的大量死亡以及塞伦盖蒂公园大型猫科动物的死亡，犬和狼等陆生食肉动物被怀疑是这种传染源的传播媒介。此外，在野猪和非人类灵长类动物等非食肉动物物种中也有致命感染的报道，这表明该病原体具有跨越物种屏障的显著能力。影响病毒附着宿主细胞受体所需的CDV H蛋白的突变与新宿主物种中的毒力和疾病出现有关。CDV广泛且不断扩大的宿主范围及其在野生动物储存宿主中的维持，极大地阻碍了疾病的根除。
