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热带起源，蘑菇科小皮伞属腐生蘑菇的扩散模型及十六个新种描述。

Tropic origins, a dispersal model for saprotrophic mushrooms in Agaricus section Minores with descriptions of sixteen new species.

机构信息

State key laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.

出版信息

Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 11;7(1):5122. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05203-5.

DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-05203-5
PMID:28698573
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5505996/
Abstract

Agaricus section Minores contains the richest species diversity within the genus. Its Phylogeny is firstly presented by a Maximum Likelihood tree generated through DNA sequences from four gene regions of 91 species. Furthermore, a molecular dating analysis is conducted used those sequences, and it provided the divergence times of the clades within section Minores. Study showed section Minores has a tropical origin. Four main dispersal routes are proposed: (1) species from South Asia migrated through the Tibetan Plateau and reached Europe ca. 9-13 Ma; (2) species from out of South Asia dispersed to Europe in the earlier time of ca. 22 Ma; (3) species from South Asia dispersed through North Asia to Alaska, and reached West America around ca. 9 Ma; and (4) species from South Asia dispersed south and reached Oceania by at least three invading events about ca. 9, 12 and 16-18 Ma respectively. Those routes excepting the second route coincide with those of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. To know whether the second route existed in the saprotrophic mushrooms requires further studies, and the fourth route may explain why the secotioid species occurring in Australia are morphologically similar but cluster in different phylogenetic clades. This study also demonstrates a great biodiversity of A. section Minores in China. Sixteen new species and three new records are introduced from China with morphological descriptions, illustrations, color photographs and phylogenetic analyses.

摘要

小皮伞属（Agaricus section Minores）包含了该属中最丰富的物种多样性。本研究通过对来自 91 个物种的四个基因区域的 DNA 序列进行最大似然法建树，首次呈现了该属的系统发育。此外，还对这些序列进行了分子定年分析，提供了小皮伞属内各分支的分歧时间。研究表明小皮伞属起源于热带。提出了四个主要的扩散途径：（1）来自南亚的物种通过青藏高原到达欧洲，大约在 9-13 百万年前；（2）来自南亚以外的物种在大约 22 百万年前更早地扩散到欧洲；（3）来自南亚的物种通过北亚扩散到阿拉斯加，大约在 9 百万年前到达了西半球；（4）来自南亚的物种向南扩散，通过至少三次入侵事件分别于大约 9、12 和 16-18 百万年前到达了大洋洲。除了第二条途径外，其他途径与外生菌根真菌的扩散途径相吻合。要知道第二条途径是否存在于腐生蘑菇中还需要进一步的研究，而第四条途径可能解释了为什么在澳大利亚发生的 secotioid 物种在形态上相似但在不同的系统发育分支中聚类。本研究还表明，中国的小皮伞属具有丰富的生物多样性。从中国介绍了 16 个新种和 3 个新记录，包括形态描述、插图、彩色照片和系统发育分析。

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