Parmar Nehanjali, Singh Kunwar Harendra, Sharma Deepika, Singh Lal, Kumar Pankaj, Nanjundan J, Khan Yasin Jeshima, Chauhan Devendra Kumar, Thakur Ajay Kumar
Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India.
ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321 303, India.
3 Biotech. 2017 Aug;7(4):239. doi: 10.1007/s13205-017-0870-y. Epub 2017 Jul 12.
Genetic engineering technique offers myriads of applications in improvement of horticultural crops for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and produce quality enhancement. During last two decades, a large number of transgenic horticultural crops has been developed and more are underway. A number of genes including natural and synthetic Cry genes, protease inhibitors, trypsin inhibitors and cystatin genes have been used to incorporate insect and nematode resistance. For providing protection against fungal and bacterial diseases, various genes like chitinase, glucanase, osmotin, defensin and pathogenesis-related genes are being transferred to many horticultural crops world over. RNAi technique has been found quite successful in inducing virus resistance in horticultural crops in addition to coat protein genes. Abiotic stresses such as drought, heat and salinity adversely affect production and productivity of horticultural crops and a number of genes encoding for biosynthesis of stress protecting compounds including mannitol, glycine betaine and heat shock proteins have been employed for abiotic stress tolerance besides various transcription factors like DREB1, MAPK, WRKY, etc. Antisense gene and RNAi technologies have revolutionized the pace of improvement of horticultural crops, particularly ornamentals for color modification, increasing shelf-life and reducing post-harvest losses. Precise genome editing tools, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, have been efficiently applied in tomato, petunia, citrus, grape, potato and apple for gene mutation, repression, activation and epigenome editing. This review provides comprehensive overview to draw the attention of researchers for better understanding of genetic engineering advancements in imparting biotic and abiotic stress tolerance as well as on improving various traits related to quality, texture, plant architecture modification, increasing shelf-life, etc. in different horticultural crops.
基因工程技术在改良园艺作物以提高其对生物和非生物胁迫的耐受性以及提升产品品质方面有众多应用。在过去二十年中，已培育出大量转基因园艺作物，还有更多正在研发中。包括天然和合成的Cry基因、蛋白酶抑制剂、胰蛋白酶抑制剂和胱抑素基因在内的许多基因已被用于赋予植物抗虫和抗线虫能力。为了提供对真菌和细菌病害的防护，几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶、渗透素、防御素和病程相关基因等各种基因正在被转移到世界各地的许多园艺作物中。除了外壳蛋白基因外，RNAi技术在诱导园艺作物抗病毒方面也很成功。干旱、高温和盐渍化等非生物胁迫会对园艺作物的产量和生产力产生不利影响，除了各种转录因子如DREB1、MAPK、WRKY等外，一些编码应激保护化合物（包括甘露醇、甘氨酸甜菜碱和热休克蛋白）生物合成的基因也已被用于提高植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。反义基因和RNAi技术彻底改变了园艺作物的改良速度，特别是在观赏植物的颜色修饰、延长货架期和减少采后损失方面。精确的基因组编辑工具，特别是CRISPR/Cas9，已在番茄、矮牵牛、柑橘、葡萄、马铃薯和苹果中有效地用于基因突变、抑制、激活和表观基因组编辑。本综述提供了全面的概述，以引起研究人员的关注，以便更好地理解基因工程在赋予生物和非生物胁迫耐受性以及改善不同园艺作物中与品质、质地、植株结构修饰、延长货架期等相关的各种性状方面的进展。
