Gupta Divya, Singh Ajeet, Khan Asad U
Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab., Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
Department of Biotechnology, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, 202145, India.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2017 Dec;12(1):454. doi: 10.1186/s11671-017-2222-6. Epub 2017 Jul 13.
The universal problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotic reflects a serious threat for physicians to control infections. Evolution in bacteria results in the development of various complex resistance mechanisms to neutralize the bactericidal effect of antibiotics, like drug amelioration, target modification, membrane permeability reduction, and drug extrusion through efflux pumps. Efflux pumps acquire a wide range of substrate specificity and also the tremendous efficacy for drug molecule extrusion outside bacterial cells. Hindrance in the functioning of efflux pumps may rejuvenate the bactericidal effect of conventional antibiotics. Efflux pumps also play an important role in the exclusion or inclusion of quorum-sensing biomolecules responsible for biofilm formation in bacterial cells. This transit movement of quorum-sensing biomolecules inside or outside the bacterial cells may get interrupted by impeding the functioning of efflux pumps. Metallic nanoparticles represent a potential candidate to block efflux pumps of bacterial cells. The application of nanoparticles as efflux pump inhibitors will not only help to revive the bactericidal effect of conventional antibiotics but will also assist to reduce biofilm-forming capacity of microbes. This review focuses on a novel and fascinating application of metallic nanoparticles in synergy with conventional antibiotics for efflux pump inhibition.
细菌对抗生素产生耐药性这一普遍问题对医生控制感染构成了严重威胁。细菌的进化导致了各种复杂耐药机制的发展，以抵消抗生素的杀菌作用，如药物改良、靶点修饰、膜通透性降低以及通过外排泵排出药物。外排泵具有广泛的底物特异性，并且在将药物分子排出细菌细胞外方面具有巨大功效。阻碍外排泵的功能可能会恢复传统抗生素的杀菌效果。外排泵在负责细菌细胞生物膜形成的群体感应生物分子的排出或纳入方面也起着重要作用。群体感应生物分子在细菌细胞内外的这种转运运动可能会因阻碍外排泵的功能而中断。金属纳米颗粒是阻断细菌细胞外排泵的潜在候选物。将纳米颗粒用作外排泵抑制剂不仅有助于恢复传统抗生素的杀菌效果，还将有助于降低微生物形成生物膜的能力。本综述重点关注金属纳米颗粒与传统抗生素协同作用以抑制外排泵的新颖且引人入胜的应用。
