Tower John
Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Oct;28(10):735-747. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.07.002. Epub 2017 Aug 2.
Aging-related diseases show a marked sex bias. For example, women live longer than men yet have more Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis, whereas men have more cancer and Parkinson's disease. Understanding the role of sex will be important in designing interventions and in understanding basic aging mechanisms. Aging also shows sex differences in model organisms. Dietary restriction (DR), reduced insulin/IGF1-like signaling (IIS), and reduced TOR signaling each increase life span preferentially in females in both flies and mice. Maternal transmission of mitochondria to offspring may lead to greater control over mitochondrial functions in females, including greater life span and a larger response to diet. Consistent with this idea, males show greater loss of mitochondrial gene expression with age.
与衰老相关的疾病存在明显的性别差异。例如，女性比男性寿命更长，但患阿尔茨海默病和骨质疏松症的几率更高，而男性患癌症和帕金森病的几率更高。了解性别在设计干预措施和理解基本衰老机制方面将具有重要意义。衰老在模式生物中也表现出性别差异。饮食限制（DR）、胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子1信号通路（IIS）的减少以及雷帕霉素靶蛋白（TOR）信号通路的减少，在果蝇和小鼠中都优先延长了雌性的寿命。线粒体从母体向后代的传递可能导致雌性对线粒体功能有更大的控制，包括更长的寿命和对饮食的更大反应。与这一观点一致的是，随着年龄的增长，雄性线粒体基因表达的丧失更为明显。
