Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
Arch Oral Biol. 2017 Nov;83:193-201. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.07.013. Epub 2017 Jul 23.
The inability of fibrocartilage, specifically the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc, to regenerate and remodel following injury presents a unique problem for clinicians. Tissue engineering then offers a potential regenerative therapy. In vitro testing provides a valuable screening tool for potential tissue engineered solutions. The conclusions drawn for TMJ in vitro research were compared against state of the art fibrocartilage studies in the knee meniscus, and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc (IVD). For TMJ disc regeneration, in vitro tissue engineered approaches, focused on cellular therapies with fibrochondrocytes, have displayed an inability to produce enough collagen, as well as an inability to recapitulate native mechanical properties. Biomaterial approaches have recapitulated the native properties of the TMJ disc, but their in vivo efficacy has yet to be determined. By comparison, the knee meniscus field is the most progressive in the use of stem cells as a cell source. The knee meniscus field has moved away from measuring mechanical properties, and are instead more focused on biochemistry and gene expression. IVD studies mainly use electrospun scaffolds, and have produced the best success in mechanical properties. The TMJ field, in comparison to knee meniscus and IVD, needs to employ stem cell therapies, new biomaterials and manufacturing techniques, and cutting edge molecular assays, in future in vitro approaches to screen for viable technologies to move to in vivo studies.
纤维软骨（尤其是颞下颌关节 [TMJ] 盘）在受伤后无法再生和重塑，这对临床医生来说是一个独特的问题。组织工程为再生治疗提供了一种潜在的方法。体外测试为潜在的组织工程解决方案提供了有价值的筛选工具。将 TMJ 的体外研究结论与膝关节半月板和椎间盘纤维环的最先进纤维软骨研究进行了比较。对于 TMJ 盘的再生，体外组织工程方法侧重于纤维软骨细胞的细胞疗法，但显示出无法产生足够的胶原蛋白，以及无法再现天然机械性能。生物材料方法再现了 TMJ 盘的天然特性，但它们的体内疗效尚未确定。相比之下，膝关节半月板领域在使用干细胞作为细胞来源方面最具创新性。膝关节半月板领域已经不再测量机械性能，而是更加关注生物化学和基因表达。椎间盘研究主要使用静电纺丝支架，在机械性能方面取得了最好的效果。与膝关节半月板和椎间盘相比，TMJ 领域需要在未来的体外方法中采用干细胞疗法、新型生物材料和制造技术以及前沿的分子分析，以筛选可行的技术并推进体内研究。
