Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017 Aug 1;41(Supp_1):S220-S243. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fux028.
Lactococcus lactis is a major microbe. This lactic acid bacterium (LAB) is used worldwide in the production of safe, healthy, tasteful and nutritious milk fermentation products. Its huge industrial importance has led to an explosion of research on the organism, particularly since the early 1970s. The upsurge in the research on L. lactis coincided not accidentally with the advent of recombinant DNA technology in these years. The development of methods to take out and re-introduce DNA in L. lactis, to clone genes and to mutate the chromosome in a targeted way, to control (over)expression of proteins and, ultimately, the availability of the nucleotide sequence of its genome and the use of that information in transcriptomics and proteomics research have enabled to peek deep into the functioning of the organism. Among many other things, this has provided an unprecedented view of the major gene regulatory pathways involved in nitrogen and carbon metabolism and their overlap, and has led to the blossoming of the field of L. lactis systems biology. All of these advances have made L. lactis the paradigm of the LAB. This review will deal with the exciting path along which the research on the genetics of and gene regulation in L. lactis has trodden.
乳球菌是一种主要的微生物。这种乳酸菌（LAB）在全球范围内用于生产安全、健康、美味和有营养的牛奶发酵产品。由于其巨大的工业重要性，自 20 世纪 70 年代初以来，对该生物体的研究呈爆炸式增长。对乳球菌的研究热潮并非偶然地与这些年重组 DNA 技术的出现相吻合。开发了在乳球菌中取出和重新引入 DNA、克隆基因和靶向突变染色体、控制（过）表达蛋白质的方法，最终获得了其基因组的核苷酸序列，并在转录组学和蛋白质组学研究中使用这些信息，使我们能够深入了解生物体的功能。除其他外，这提供了对涉及氮和碳代谢及其重叠的主要基因调控途径的前所未有的了解，并导致了乳球菌系统生物学领域的蓬勃发展。所有这些进展都使乳球菌成为 LAB 的典范。这篇综述将探讨在乳球菌的遗传学和基因调控研究中令人兴奋的发展道路。
