Martinez Carlos H, Mannino David M, Divo Miguel J
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor.
Departments of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Kentucky,College of Medicine and College of Public Health, Lexington.
Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2014 May 6;1(1):51-63. doi: 10.15326/jcopdf.1.1.2014.0119.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease of aging in combination with genetic, environmental, and behavioral risk factors. Aging and many of these risk factors are shared with other diseases, and, as a result, it is not surprising that patients with COPD often have coexistent diseases. This review of COPD comorbidities uses a framework in which coexistent diseases are considered important comorbidities if they are more frequent, have more severe consequences, influence the progression and outcomes of COPD, or are clustered together into proposed phenotypes, supplemented by a framework in which certain comorbidities are expected to share specific pathogenic mechanisms. This review explores classic COPD comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, cachexia and sleep apnea, but also looks at more recently described comorbidities, such as gastroesophageal reflux, osteoporosis and depression/anxiety.
慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种与遗传、环境和行为风险因素相关的衰老性疾病。衰老以及许多这些风险因素与其他疾病共有，因此，COPD患者常伴有其他共存疾病也就不足为奇了。本综述对COPD合并症采用了一个框架，即如果共存疾病更常见、后果更严重、影响COPD的进展和结局或聚集形成拟表型，则将其视为重要的合并症，并辅以一个框架，其中某些合并症预计具有特定的共同致病机制。本综述探讨了经典的COPD合并症，如心血管疾病、恶病质和睡眠呼吸暂停，也研究了最近描述的合并症，如胃食管反流、骨质疏松症和抑郁/焦虑。
