BACKGROUND

is used traditionally in many countries for the treatment of cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, compounds from the leaves and bark of this plant were isolated and tested for their cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in two human cancer cell lines (hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and colorectal carcinoma (Caco-2)) and a non-cancer cell line (embryonic kidney (HEK293)). GC-MS profiling of the extract was also conducted.

RESULTS

Three compounds (β-sitosterol, β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3--glucoside) were isolated and the cytotoxic activity of β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3--glucoside on the HepG2, Caco-2 and HEK293 was determined using the MTT cell viability assay. Both compounds had significant cytotoxic activity towards the Caco-2 cell line with IC50 values of 81 μg mL and 54 μg mL for β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3--glucoside, respectively while low cytotoxicity was observed on HepG2 cell lines with IC50 values of 206 μg mL and 251 μg mL for β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3--glucoside, respectively. Apoptosis induction in cells was studied using acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining. In both cases, the compounds tested demonstrated selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells with high apoptosis indices in cells exposed to β-amyrin. Low IC50 values of 156 μg mL and 937 μg mL for β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3--glucoside, respectively, were observed in the HEK293 cell line.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals that the plant is rich biologically active compounds thereby validating its ethno-medicinal use.