Wahrendorf Morten, Akinwale Bola, Landy Rebecca, Matthews Katey, Blane David
Institute for Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
International Centre for Life Course Studies in Society and Health, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
J Popul Ageing. 2017;10(3):269-285. doi: 10.1007/s12062-016-9160-4. Epub 2016 Sep 23.
There is much research about those who exit the labour market prematurely, however, comparatively little is known about people working longer and about their employment and working conditions. In this paper, we describe the employment and working conditions of men and women working between 65 and 80 years, and compare them with previous conditions of those retired in the same age group. Analyses are based on wave 4 data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with information collected between 2009 and 2011 from 17,625 older men and women across 16 European countries. Besides socio-demographic and health-related factors (physical and mental health), the focus lies on employment conditions (e.g. employment status, occupational position and working hours) and on stressful working conditions, measured in terms of low control at work and effort-reward imbalance. In case of retired people, information on working conditions refer to the last job before retirement. Following descriptive analyses, we then conduct multivariable analyses and investigate how working conditions and poor health are related to labour market participation (i.e. random intercept models accounting for country affiliation and adjusted for potential confounders). Results illustrate that people working between the ages of 65 and 80 are more likely to be self-employed (either with or without employees) and work in advantaged occupational positions. Furthermore, findings reveal that psychosocial working conditions are generally better than the conditions retired respondents had in their last job. Finally, in contrast to those who work, health tends to be worse among retired people. In conclusion, findings deliver empirical evidence that paid employment beyond age 65 is more common among self-employed workers throughout Europe, in advantaged occupations and under-favourable psychosocial circumstances, and that this group of workers are in considerably good mental and physical health. This highlights that policies aimed at increasing the state pension age beyond the age of 65 years put pressure on specific disadvantaged groups of men and women.
关于过早退出劳动力市场的人群已有大量研究，然而，对于工作年限更长的人群及其就业和工作条件，我们却知之甚少。在本文中，我们描述了年龄在65岁至80岁之间的男性和女性的就业和工作条件，并将其与同一年龄组退休人员之前的情况进行比较。分析基于欧洲健康、老龄化与退休调查（SHARE）的第四轮数据，这些信息是在2009年至2011年期间从16个欧洲国家的17625名老年男性和女性中收集的。除了社会人口统计学和与健康相关的因素（身心健康）外，重点还在于就业条件（如就业状况、职业地位和工作时间）以及以工作中低控制感和努力-回报失衡来衡量的压力工作条件。对于退休人员，工作条件信息指退休前的最后一份工作。在进行描述性分析之后，我们接着进行多变量分析，并研究工作条件和健康状况不佳与劳动力市场参与之间的关系（即考虑国家归属并针对潜在混杂因素进行调整的随机截距模型）。结果表明，年龄在65岁至80岁之间工作的人更有可能是个体经营者（无论有无雇员），并且从事优势职业。此外，研究结果显示，心理社会工作条件总体上优于退休受访者在其最后一份工作中的条件。最后，与在职者相比，退休人员的健康状况往往更差。总之，研究结果提供了实证证据，表明65岁以上的有偿就业在整个欧洲的个体经营者中更为普遍，他们从事优势职业且处于有利的心理社会环境中，并且这群劳动者的身心健康状况相当良好。这凸显出旨在将国家养老金领取年龄提高到65岁以上的政策给特定的弱势男性和女性群体带来了压力。
