Hunt Heather B, Donnelly Eve
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY.
Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab. 2016 Sep;14(3):133-149. doi: 10.1007/s12018-016-9222-4. Epub 2016 Aug 22.
This review presents an overview of the characterization techniques available to experimentally evaluate bone quality, defined as the geometric and material factors that contribute to fracture resistance independently of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The methods available for characterization of the geometric, compositional, and mechanical properties of bone across multiple length scales are summarized, along with their outcomes and their advantages and disadvantages. Examples of how each technique is used are discussed, as well as practical concerns such as sample preparation and whether or not each testing method is destructive. Techniques that can be used and those that have been recently improved or developed are emphasized, including high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography to evaluate geometric properties and reference point indentation to evaluate material properties. Because no single method can completely characterize bone quality, we provide a framework for how multiple characterization methods can be used together to generate a more comprehensive analysis of bone quality to complement aBMD in fracture risk assessment.
本综述概述了可用于通过实验评估骨质量的表征技术，骨质量定义为有助于抗骨折的几何和材料因素，独立于通过双能X线吸收法评估的面骨矿物质密度（aBMD）。总结了可用于在多个长度尺度上表征骨的几何、组成和力学性能的方法，以及它们的结果、优点和缺点。讨论了每种技术的使用示例，以及诸如样品制备等实际问题，以及每种测试方法是否具有破坏性。强调了可以使用的技术以及最近改进或开发的技术，包括用于评估几何性能的高分辨率外周定量计算机断层扫描和用于评估材料性能的参考点压痕。由于没有单一方法能够完全表征骨质量，我们提供了一个框架，说明如何将多种表征方法结合使用，以对骨质量进行更全面的分析，从而在骨折风险评估中补充aBMD。
