Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
The School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK.
J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(3):845-857. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170363.
Peripheral biomarkers for dementia are few and far between. Despite research into blood plasma/serum biomarkers for dementia diagnostics, there is a lack of information on erythrocytes and their vast proteomes as potential biomarkers. This review identifies a number of relevant and potentially promising erythrocyte biomarkers for various subtypes of dementia. These include erythrocyte morphology, oxidative stress, and erythrocyte membrane proteins such as the glucose transporter (GLUT-1), amyloid-β, IgG, Hsp90, calpain-1, and band 3 protein. Of those proteins identified Hsp90, amyloid-β, calpain-1 and band 3 show the most promise as pre-clinical biomarkers. However, the most intriguing aspect of erythrocytes is their changed morphology in dementia. The altered morphology not only could be used as a diagnostic biomarker but may be crucial in early pathogenesis of the disease. Further work must be done to establish the pathological connection between the periphery and central disease processes.
用于痴呆症的外周生物标志物很少。尽管有针对用于痴呆症诊断的血浆/血清生物标志物的研究，但有关红细胞及其巨大蛋白质组作为潜在生物标志物的信息却很缺乏。本综述确定了一些与各种类型痴呆症相关的潜在有希望的红细胞生物标志物。这些标志物包括红细胞形态、氧化应激以及红细胞膜蛋白，如葡萄糖转运蛋白（GLUT-1）、淀粉样蛋白-β、免疫球蛋白 G、热休克蛋白 90（Hsp90）、钙蛋白酶-1 和带 3 蛋白。在已鉴定的这些蛋白中，Hsp90、淀粉样蛋白-β、钙蛋白酶-1 和带 3 蛋白作为临床前生物标志物显示出最大的希望。然而，红细胞最有趣的方面是它们在痴呆症中的形态变化。这种改变的形态不仅可以用作诊断生物标志物，而且可能在疾病的早期发病机制中至关重要。必须进一步开展工作，以确定外周和中枢疾病过程之间的病理联系。
