Landis Matthew S, Edgerton Eric S, White Emily M, Wentworth Gregory R, Sullivan Amy P, Dillner Ann M
US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Mar 15;618:1665-1676. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.008. Epub 2017 Nov 4.
An unprecedented wildfire impacted the northern Alberta city of Fort McMurray in May 2016 causing a mandatory city wide evacuation and the loss of 2,400 homes and commercial structures. A two-hectare wildfire was discovered on May 1, grew to ~157,000ha by May 5, and continued to burn an estimated ~590,000ha by June 13. A comprehensive air monitoring network operated by the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA) in and around Fort McMurray provided essential health-related real-time air quality data to firefighters during the emergency, and provided a rare opportunity to elucidate the impact of gaseous and particulate matter emissions on near-field communities and regional air pollution concentrations. The WBEA network recorded 188 fire-related exceedances of 1-hr and 24-hr Alberta Ambient Air Quality Objectives. Two air monitoring sites within Fort McMurray recorded mean/maximum 1-hr PM concentrations of 291/5229μgm (AMS-6) and 293/3259μgm (AMS-7) during fire impact periods. High correlations (r=0.83-0.97) between biomass combustion related gases (carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), total hydrocarbons (THC), total reduced sulfur (TRS), ammonia) and PM were observed at the sites. Filter-based 24-hr integrated PM samples collected every 6 days showed maximum concentrations of 267μgm (AMS-6) and 394μgm (AMS-7). Normalized excess emission ratios relative to CO were 149.87±3.37μgmppm (PM), 0.274±0.002ppmppm (THC), 0.169±0.001ppmppm (NMHC), 0.104±0.001ppmppm (CH), 0.694±0.007ppbppm (TRS), 0.519±0.040ppbppm (SO), 0.412±0.045ppbppm (NO), 1.968±0.053ppbppm (NO), and 2.337±0.077ppbppm (NO). A subset of PM filter samples was analyzed for trace elements, major ions, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and carbohydrates. Sample mass reconstruction and fire specific emission profiles are presented and discussed. Potential fire-related photometric ozone instrument positive interferences were observed and were positively correlated with NO and NMHC.
2016年5月，一场史无前例的野火侵袭了阿尔伯塔省北部城市麦克默里堡，导致全市强制疏散，2400所房屋和商业建筑受损。5月1日发现了一场两公顷的野火，到5月5日已蔓延至约15.7万公顷，到6月13日仍在燃烧，估计烧毁面积达约59万公顷。由伍德布法罗环境协会（WBEA）在麦克默里堡及其周边运营的一个综合空气监测网络，在紧急情况期间为消防员提供了与健康相关的重要实时空气质量数据，同时提供了一个难得的机会来阐明气体和颗粒物排放对近场社区及区域空气污染浓度的影响。WBEA网络记录了188次与火灾相关的1小时和24小时阿尔伯塔省环境空气质量目标超标情况。麦克默里堡内的两个空气监测站点在火灾影响期间记录的1小时PM平均/最大浓度分别为291/5229微克/立方米（AMS - 6）和293/3259微克/立方米（AMS - 7）。在这些站点观察到生物质燃烧相关气体（一氧化碳（CO）、非甲烷碳氢化合物（NMHC）、总碳氢化合物（THC）、总还原硫（TRS）、氨）与PM之间具有高度相关性（r = 0.83 - 0.97）。每6天收集一次基于滤膜的24小时综合PM样本，显示最大浓度分别为267微克/立方米（AMS - 6）和394微克/立方米（AMS - 7）。相对于CO的归一化过量排放比分别为149.87±3.37微克/立方米·ppm（PM）、0.274±0.002 ppm·ppm（THC）、0.169±0.001 ppm·ppm（NMHC）、0.104±
