Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
National Research Council , Washington, DC, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Jan 24;126(1):017011. doi: 10.1289/EHP2200.
The increasing size and frequency of wildland fires are leading to greater potential for cardiopulmonary disease and cancer in exposed populations; however, little is known about how the types of fuel and combustion phases affect these adverse outcomes.
We evaluated the mutagenicity and lung toxicity of particulate matter (PM) from flaming vs. smoldering phases of five biomass fuels, and compared results by equal mass or emission factors (EFs) derived from amount of fuel consumed.
A quartz-tube furnace coupled to a multistage cryotrap was employed to collect smoke condensate from flaming and smoldering combustion of red oak, peat, pine needles, pine, and eucalyptus. Samples were analyzed chemically and assessed for acute lung toxicity in mice and mutagenicity in .
The average combustion efficiency was 73 and 98% for the smoldering and flaming phases, respectively. On an equal mass basis, PM from eucalyptus and peat burned under flaming conditions induced significant lung toxicity potencies (neutrophil/mass of PM) compared to smoldering PM, whereas high levels of mutagenicity potencies were observed for flaming pine and peat PM compared to smoldering PM. When effects were adjusted for EF, the smoldering eucalyptus PM had the highest lung toxicity EF (neutrophil/mass of fuel burned), whereas smoldering pine and pine needles had the highest mutagenicity EF. These latter values were approximately 5, 10, and 30 times greater than those reported for open burning of agricultural plastic, woodburning cookstoves, and some municipal waste combustors, respectively.
PM from different fuels and combustion phases have appreciable differences in lung toxic and mutagenic potency, and on a mass basis, flaming samples are more active, whereas smoldering samples have greater effect when EFs are taken into account. Knowledge of the differential toxicity of biomass emissions will contribute to more accurate hazard assessment of biomass smoke exposures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2200.
野火的规模和频率不断增加，使暴露人群罹患心肺疾病和癌症的风险增大；然而，人们对于燃料类型和燃烧阶段如何影响这些不良后果知之甚少。
我们评估了来自五种生物质燃料的燃烧阶段（火焰和闷烧）的颗粒物（PM）的致突变性和肺毒性，并通过消耗燃料量得出的等效质量或排放因子（EF）来比较结果。
使用石英管炉与多级低温阱相结合，从红橡木、泥炭、松针、松木和桉树的火焰和闷烧燃烧中收集烟雾冷凝物。对样品进行化学分析，并在小鼠中评估急性肺毒性和. 中的致突变性。
闷烧和火焰阶段的平均燃烧效率分别为 73%和 98%。基于等效质量，与闷烧 PM 相比，在火焰条件下燃烧的桉树和泥炭 PM 引起显著的肺毒性效力（PM 中的中性粒细胞/PM 质量），而与闷烧 PM 相比，火焰松树和泥炭 PM 表现出高水平的致突变性效力。当通过 EF 调整影响时，闷烧桉树 PM 具有最高的肺毒性 EF（燃烧的燃料质量中的中性粒细胞），而闷烧松树和松针 PM 具有最高的致突变性 EF。后两个值分别约为农业塑料露天燃烧、柴火炉和一些城市垃圾焚烧炉报告值的 5、10 和 30 倍。
来自不同燃料和燃烧阶段的 PM 在肺毒性和致突变性效力方面存在明显差异，并且基于质量，火焰样品更活跃，而当考虑 EF 时，闷烧样品的影响更大。生物质排放物差异毒性的知识将有助于更准确地评估生物质烟雾暴露的危害。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2200.
