Benson Nsikak U, Anake Winifred U, Adedapo Adebusayo E, Fred-Ahmadu Omowunmi H, Ayejuyo Olusegun O
Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
Environ Monit Assess. 2017 Nov 8;189(12):619. doi: 10.1007/s10661-017-6348-x.
This study evaluated the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 10 branded cigarettes commonly consumed in Nigeria. Chemical sequential extraction method and pseudo-total metal digestion procedure were used for extraction of metals from filler tobacco and filter samples. Samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The filler tobacco of cigarettes had Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the ranges of 5.90-7.94, 18.26-34.94, 192.61-3494.05, 44.67-297.69, 17.21-74.78, and 47.02-167.31 μg/cigarette, respectively. The minimum and maximum concentrations in the filter samples were 8.67-12.34 μg/g of Cd, 1.77-36.48 μg/g of Cu, 1.83-15.27 μg/g of Fe, 3.82-7.44 μg/g of Mn, 4.09-13.78 μg/g of Pb, and 30.07-46.70 μg/g of Zn. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the filler tobacco samples were consistently higher than those obtained for the cigarette filters except for Cd. Toxic metals were largely found in the most labile chemical fractions. Moderate to very high risks are found associated with potential exposure to Cd and Pb. The carcinogenic risks posed by Cd and Pb ranged between 1.87E-02 and 2.52E-02, 1.05E-03 and 4.76E-03, respectively, while the non-carcinogenic risk estimates for Cd and Pb were greater than 1.0 (HI > 1). Toxic metals in cigarette may have significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects associated with inhalation exposure. Continuous monitoring and regulations of the ingredients of imported and locally produced tobacco products are advocated.
本研究评估了尼日利亚常用的10种品牌香烟中镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）的含量。采用化学连续萃取法和准全金属消解程序从填充烟草和过滤嘴样品中提取金属。使用火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）对样品进行分析。香烟的填充烟草中镉、铜、铁、锰、铅和锌的含量范围分别为每支香烟5.90 - 7.94、18.26 - 34.94、192.61 - 3494.05、44.67 - 297.69、17.21 - 74.78和47.02 - 167.31微克。过滤嘴样品中镉、铜、铁、锰、铅和锌的最低和最高含量分别为8.67 - 12.34微克/克、1.77 - 36.48微克/克、1.83 - 15.27微克/克、3.82 - 7.44微克/克、4.09 - 13.78微克/克和30.07 - 46.70微克/克。本研究结果表明，除镉外，填充烟草样品中的重金属含量始终高于香烟过滤嘴中的含量。有毒金属主要存在于最不稳定的化学组分中。发现镉和铅的潜在暴露存在中度至高度风险。镉和铅造成的致癌风险分别在1.87E - 02至2.52E - 02、1.05E - 03至4.76E - 03之间，而镉和铅的非致癌风险估计值大于1.0（危害指数>1）。香烟中的有毒金属可能对吸入暴露产生显著的致癌和非致癌健康影响。提倡对进口和本地生产的烟草产品成分进行持续监测和监管。
