da Rocha Alisson L, Pereira Bruno C, Teixeira Giovana R, Pinto Ana P, Frantz Fabiani G, Elias Lucila L K, Lira Fábio S, Pauli José R, Cintra Dennys E, Ropelle Eduardo R, de Moura Leandro P, Mekary Rania A, de Freitas Ellen C, da Silva Adelino S R
Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
Front Immunol. 2017 Oct 25;8:1378. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01378. eCollection 2017.
Overtraining (OT) may be defined as an imbalance between excessive training and adequate recovery period. Recently, a downhill running-based overtraining (OTR/down) protocol induced the nonfunctional overreaching state, which is defined as a performance decrement that may be associated with psychological and hormonal disruptions and promoted intramuscular and systemic inflammation. To discriminate the eccentric contraction effects on interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, and SOCS-3, we compared the release of these cytokines in OTR/down with other two OT protocols with the same external load (i.e., the product between training intensity and volume), but performed in uphill (OTR/up) and without inclination (OTR). Also, we evaluated the effects of these OT models on the muscle morphology and fiber type composition, serum levels of fatigue markers and corticosterone, as well as androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expressions. For extensor digitorum longus (EDL), OTR/down and OTR groups increased the cytokines and exhibited micro-injuries with polymorphonuclear infiltration. While OTR/down group increased the cytokines in soleus muscle, OTR/up group only increased IL-6. All OT groups presented micro-injuries with polymorphonuclear infiltration. In serum, while OTR/down and OTR/up protocols increased IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, OTR group increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15, and corticosterone. The type II fibers in EDL and soleus, total and phosphorylated AR levels in soleus, and total GR levels in EDL and soleus were differentially modulated by the OT protocols. In summary, the proinflammatory cytokines were more sensitive for OTR/down than for OTR/up and OTR. Also, the specific treadmill inclination of each OT model influenced most of the other evaluated parameters.
过度训练（OT）可定义为过度训练与充足恢复期之间的失衡。最近，一种基于下坡跑的过度训练（OTR/下坡）方案诱导了非功能性过度训练状态，该状态被定义为一种运动表现下降，可能与心理和激素紊乱以及肌肉内和全身炎症有关。为了区分离心收缩对白介素1β（IL-1β）、IL-6、IL-10、IL-15和SOCS-3的影响，我们将OTR/下坡组中这些细胞因子的释放与其他两种具有相同外部负荷（即训练强度与训练量的乘积）的OT方案进行了比较，这两种方案分别是在上坡（OTR/上坡）和无坡度（OTR）条件下进行的。此外，我们评估了这些OT模型对肌肉形态和纤维类型组成、疲劳标志物和皮质酮的血清水平以及雄激素受体（AR）和糖皮质激素受体（GR）表达的影响。对于趾长伸肌（EDL），OTR/下坡组和OTR组细胞因子增加，并出现多形核白细胞浸润的微损伤。虽然OTR/下坡组比目鱼肌中的细胞因子增加，但OTR/上坡组仅增加了IL-6。所有OT组均出现多形核白细胞浸润的微损伤。在血清中，OTR/下坡和OTR/上坡方案增加了IL-1β、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子α，而OTR组增加了IL-1β、IL-6、IL-15和皮质酮。OT方案对EDL和比目鱼肌中的II型纤维、比目鱼肌中的总AR水平和磷酸化AR水平以及EDL和比目鱼肌中的总GR水平进行了不同的调节。总之，促炎细胞因子对OTR/下坡比对OTR/上坡和OTR更敏感。此外，每个OT模型特定的跑步机坡度影响了大多数其他评估参数。
