School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
Nutrients. 2017 Nov 22;9(11):1271. doi: 10.3390/nu9111271.
Epidemiological and clinical studies have indicated that nut consumption could be a healthy dietary strategy to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and related cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this review is to examine the potential mechanisms of action of nuts addressing effects on glycemic control, weight management, energy balance, appetite, gut microbiota modification, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial function and blood pressure with a focus on data from both animal and human studies. The favourable effects of nuts could be explained by the unique nutrient composition and bioactive compounds in nuts. Unsaturated fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids) present in nuts may play a role in glucose control and appetite suppression. Fiber and polyphenols in nuts may also have an anti-diabetic effect by altering gut microbiota. Nuts lower serum cholesterol by reduced cholesterol absorption, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and increased bile acid production by stimulation of 7-α hydroxylase. Arginine and magnesium improve inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function and blood pressure. In conclusion, nuts contain compounds that favourably influence glucose homeostasis, weight control and vascular health. Further investigations are required to identify the most important mechanisms by which nuts decrease the risk of T2DM and CVD.
流行病学和临床研究表明，坚果的摄入可能是一种健康的饮食策略，可用于预防和治疗 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）和相关心血管疾病（CVD）。本综述的目的是研究坚果对血糖控制、体重管理、能量平衡、食欲、肠道微生物群改变、脂质代谢、氧化应激、炎症、内皮功能和血压的潜在作用机制，重点关注动物和人体研究的数据。坚果的有利影响可以用坚果中独特的营养成分和生物活性化合物来解释。坚果中存在的不饱和脂肪酸（单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸）可能在葡萄糖控制和抑制食欲方面发挥作用。坚果中的纤维和多酚也可能通过改变肠道微生物群发挥抗糖尿病作用。坚果通过减少胆固醇吸收、抑制 HMG-CoA 还原酶和通过刺激 7-α羟化酶增加胆汁酸生成来降低血清胆固醇。精氨酸和镁可改善炎症、氧化应激、内皮功能和血压。总之，坚果中含有可改善葡萄糖稳态、体重控制和血管健康的化合物。需要进一步的研究来确定坚果降低 T2DM 和 CVD 风险的最重要机制。
