Nawaz Muhammad
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
Stem Cell Investig. 2017 Oct 24;4:83. doi: 10.21037/sci.2017.10.04. eCollection 2017.
Recent years have witnessed intensive progress in studying extracellular vesicles (EVs), both for understanding their basic biology and contribution to variety of diseases, biomarker discovery, and their potential as gene delivery vectors and source of innovative therapies. As such, stem cell-derived EVs have contributed significant knowledge which led to the development of cell-free therapies in regenerative medicine. Although, the role of stem cell-derived EVs in maintaining stemness, differentiation and repairing tissue injuries is relatively well-understood; however, knowledge about the contribution of stem cell-derived EVs in cancer progression is just emerging. The aim of this review is, therefore, to discuss the recent developments in stem cell-derived EVs and tumor progression, placing a particular focus on non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mediated cancer progression and resistance against therapies. This includes the failure of normal hematopoiesis and the progression of myeloid neoplasms, enhanced capacity of cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize, and the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells, activation of angiogenic pathways and dormancy in cancer cells. These processes are shared by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), cancer stem like-cells and cancer cells in an intricate intratumoral network in order to create self-strengthening tumor niche. In this context, EV-ncRNAs serve as mediators to relay bystander effects of secreting cancer stem cells (CSCs) into recipient cells for priming a tumor permissive environment and relaying therapeutic resistance. Collectively, this knowledge will improve our understandings and approaches in finding new therapeutic targets in the context of CSCs, which could be benefited through engineering EVs for innovative therapies.
近年来，细胞外囊泡（EVs）的研究取得了显著进展，这既体现在对其基本生物学特性的理解以及它们在多种疾病中的作用、生物标志物发现方面，也体现在它们作为基因传递载体和创新疗法来源的潜力上。因此，干细胞衍生的EVs为再生医学中无细胞疗法的发展贡献了重要知识。尽管干细胞衍生的EVs在维持干细胞特性、分化和修复组织损伤方面的作用相对较为清楚；然而，关于干细胞衍生的EVs在癌症进展中的作用的认识才刚刚开始出现。因此，本综述的目的是讨论干细胞衍生的EVs与肿瘤进展的最新进展，特别关注非编码RNA（ncRNA）介导的癌症进展和对治疗的抗性。这包括正常造血功能的衰竭和髓系肿瘤的进展、癌细胞增殖和转移能力的增强、正常细胞向癌细胞的转化、血管生成途径的激活以及癌细胞的休眠。间充质干细胞（MSCs）、癌症干细胞样细胞和癌细胞在复杂的肿瘤内网络中共同参与这些过程，以创建自我强化的肿瘤微环境。在这种情况下，EV-ncRNAs作为介质，将分泌癌症干细胞（CSCs）的旁观者效应传递给受体细胞，从而营造有利于肿瘤的环境并传递治疗抗性。总的来说，这些知识将提高我们在癌症干细胞背景下寻找新治疗靶点的理解和方法，通过工程化EVs用于创新疗法可能会从中受益。
