Rotondi Michael A, O'Campo Patricia, O'Brien Kristen, Firestone Michelle, Wolfe Sara H, Bourgeois Cheryllee, Smylie Janet K
School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
BMJ Open. 2017 Dec 26;7(12):e018936. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018936.
To provide evidence of the magnitude of census undercounts of 'hard-to-reach' subpopulations and to improve estimation of the size of the urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS).
Respondent-driven sampling.
The study took place in the urban indigenous community in Toronto, Canada. Three locations within the city were used to recruit study participants.
908 adult participants (15+) who self-identified as indigenous (First Nation, Inuit or Métis) and lived in the city of Toronto. Study participants were generally young with over 60% of indigenous adults under the age of 45 years. Household income was low with approximately two-thirds of the sample living in households which earned less than $C20 000 last year.
We collected baseline data on demographic characteristics, including indigenous identity, age, gender, income, household type and household size. Our primary outcome asked: 'Did you complete the 2011 Census Canada questionnaire?'
Using RDS and our large-scale survey of the urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada, we have shown that the most recent Canadian census underestimated the size of the indigenous population in Toronto by a factor of 2 to 4. Specifically, under conservative assumptions, there are approximately 55 000 (95% CI 45 000 to 73 000) indigenous people living in Toronto, at least double the current estimate of 19 270.
Our indigenous enumeration methods, including RDS and census completion information will have broad impacts across governmental and health policy, potentially improving healthcare access for this community. These novel applications of RDS may be relevant for the enumeration of other 'hard-to-reach' populations, such as illegal immigrants or homeless individuals in Canada and beyond.
提供关于“难以接触到的”亚人群体人口普查漏报规模的证据，并使用应答者驱动抽样（RDS）改进对加拿大多伦多城市原住民人口规模的估计。
应答者驱动抽样。
研究在加拿大多伦多的城市原住民社区进行。该市的三个地点用于招募研究参与者。
908名成年参与者（15岁及以上），他们自我认定为原住民（第一民族、因纽特人或梅蒂斯人），居住在多伦多市。研究参与者普遍年轻，超过60%的原住民成年人年龄在45岁以下。家庭收入较低，约三分之二的样本生活在去年收入低于2万加元的家庭中。
我们收集了关于人口统计学特征的基线数据，包括原住民身份、年龄、性别、收入、家庭类型和家庭规模。我们的主要结局问题是：“你完成2011年加拿大人口普查问卷了吗？”
通过RDS以及我们对加拿大多伦多城市原住民人口的大规模调查，我们表明，最新的加拿大人人口普查将多伦多原住民人口规模低估了2至4倍。具体而言，在保守假设下，多伦多约有55000名（95%置信区间45000至73000）原住民，至少是目前估计的19270人的两倍。
我们的原住民计数方法，包括RDS和人口普查完成信息，将对政府和卫生政策产生广泛影响，有可能改善该社区的医疗保健服务可及性。RDS的这些新应用可能与其他“难以接触到的”人群的计数相关，例如加拿大及其他地区的非法移民或无家可归者。
