Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018 May 1;13(5):604-611. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0589. Epub 2018 May 22.
To investigate differences in neuromuscular factors between elite and nonelite players and to establish which factors underpin direction-specific unilateral jump performance.
Elite (n = 23; age, 18.1 [1.0] y; body mass index, 23.1 [1.8] kg·m) and nonelite (n = 20; age, 22.3 [2.7] y; body mass index, 23.8 [1.8] kg·m) soccer players performed 3 unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJs) on a force platform in the vertical, horizontal-forward, and medial directions. Knee extension isometric maximum voluntary contraction torque was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry. Vastus lateralis fascicle length, angle of pennation, quadriceps femoris muscle volume (M), and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) were assessed using ultrasonography. Vastus lateralis activation was assessed using electromyography.
Elite soccer players presented greater knee extensor isometric maximum voluntary contraction torque (365.7 [66.6] vs 320.1 [62.6] N·m; P = .045), M (2853 [508] vs 2429 [232] cm; P = .001), and PCSA (227 [42] vs 193 [25] cm; P = .003) than nonelite. In both cohorts, unilateral vertical and unilateral medial CMJ performance correlated with M and PCSA (r ≥ .310, P ≤ .043). In elite soccer players, unilateral vertical and unilateral medial CMJ performance correlated with upward phase vastus lateralis activation and angle of pennation (r ≥ .478, P ≤ .028). Unilateral horizontal-forward CMJ peak vertical power did not correlate with any measure of muscle size or activation but correlated inversely with angle of pennation (r = -.413, P = .037).
While larger and stronger quadriceps differentiated elite from nonelite players, relationships between neuromuscular factors and unilateral jump performance were shown to be direction-specific. These findings support a notion that improving direction-specific muscular power in soccer requires improving a distinct neuromuscular profile.
探究精英运动员与非精英运动员之间在神经肌肉因素方面的差异，并确定哪些因素是导致特定方向单侧跳跃表现差异的原因。
研究纳入了 23 名精英（年龄 18.1 [1.0] 岁，身体质量指数 23.1 [1.8] kg·m）和 20 名非精英（年龄 22.3 [2.7] 岁，身体质量指数 23.8 [1.8] kg·m）足球运动员，他们在力量平台上进行了 3 次单侧反向跳跃（CMJ），方向分别为垂直、水平前向和内侧。使用等速测力计评估膝关节伸展等长最大自主收缩扭矩。使用超声评估股外侧肌肌腹长度、肌纤维羽状角、股四头肌体积（M）和生理横截面积（PCSA）。使用肌电图评估股外侧肌激活。
与非精英运动员相比，精英足球运动员的膝关节伸肌等长最大自主收缩扭矩（365.7 [66.6] 比 320.1 [62.6] N·m；P = .045）、M（2853 [508] 比 2429 [232] cm；P = .001）和 PCSA（227 [42] 比 193 [25] cm；P = .003）均更大。在两个队列中，单侧垂直和单侧内侧 CMJ 表现均与 M 和 PCSA 相关（r ≥ .310，P ≤ .043）。在精英足球运动员中，单侧垂直和单侧内侧 CMJ 表现与上升阶段股外侧肌激活和羽状角相关（r ≥ .478，P ≤ .028）。单侧水平前向 CMJ 峰值垂直功率与任何肌肉大小或激活指标均无相关性，但与羽状角呈负相关（r = -.413，P = .037）。
虽然更大和更强的股四头肌将精英运动员与非精英运动员区分开来，但神经肌肉因素与单侧跳跃表现之间的关系被证明是具有方向性的。这些发现支持了这样一种观点，即提高足球中特定方向的肌肉力量需要改善独特的神经肌肉特征。
