University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
J Interpers Violence. 2020 Oct;35(19-20):3767-3790. doi: 10.1177/0886260517709799. Epub 2017 May 29.
Bullying is one of the most common forms of aggression experienced by school-aged youth, yet research is sparse in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where cultural and contextual factors may influence victimization dynamics. We aimed to examine correlates of victimization and the prevalence of specific victimizing behaviors among youth in four LMIC. Data were included from 3,536 youth collected as part of the ongoing Young Lives Study cohorts in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru, and Vietnam who reported frequency of past-year exposure to nine bullying behaviors at age 15. We calculated both total victimization scores and subtype victimization scores (physical, verbal, relational, and property) by summing the frequencies of experiencing each behavior and used hurdle modeling to examine, separately by country, associations between three demographic correlates (sex, urban/rural setting, and school enrollment) and both total and subtype victimization scores, adjusting for clustered sampling. Mean past-year victimization scores were 11.1 in Ethiopia, 13.4 in India, 14.9 in Peru, and 12.0 in Vietnam, indicating that the average youth in Ethiopia reported two victimization experiences in the past year, up to nearly six in Peru. With the exception of Peru, direct victimization was higher among boys compared with girls, whereas relational victimization was not associated with sex. Physical bullying was less common than other forms of bullying in Ethiopia, Peru, and Vietnam but had a similar frequency as other forms in India. The different patterns in victimization experiences across the samples suggest that culture and/or context may influence victimization dynamics and highlights the need to better understand patterns and variation of bullying victimization in LMIC.
欺凌是学龄青少年最常见的攻击形式之一，但在文化和背景因素可能影响受害动态的低收入和中等收入国家（LMIC），相关研究却很少。我们旨在研究四个 LMIC 中青少年受害的相关因素和特定受害行为的流行率。数据来自正在进行的 Young Lives 研究队列中的 3536 名青少年，这些青少年在 15 岁时报告了过去一年中经历九种欺凌行为的频率。我们通过将每种行为的经历频率相加来计算总受害分数和亚型受害分数（身体、言语、关系和财产），并使用障碍模型分别按国家研究三种人口统计学相关因素（性别、城乡环境和学校入学）与总受害分数和亚型受害分数之间的关联，同时调整聚类抽样。埃塞俄比亚、印度（安得拉邦）、秘鲁和越南的过去一年平均受害分数分别为 11.1、13.4、14.9 和 12.0，这表明埃塞俄比亚的平均青少年在过去一年中报告了两次受害经历，在秘鲁则接近六次。除秘鲁外，男孩的直接受害率高于女孩，而关系受害与性别无关。在埃塞俄比亚、秘鲁和越南，身体欺凌比其他形式的欺凌更为少见，但在印度与其他形式的欺凌频率相似。样本中不同的受害经历模式表明，文化和/或背景可能影响受害动态，并强调需要更好地了解 LMIC 中欺凌受害的模式和变化。
