a ICAR - Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana/Abohar , Punjab , India.
b ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(9):1498-1513. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1417235. Epub 2018 Jan 16.
Fungal diseases result in significant losses of fruits and vegetables during handling, transportation and storage. At present, post-production fungal spoilage is predominantly controlled by using synthetic fungicides. Under the global climate change scenario and with the need for sustainable agriculture, biological control methods of fungal diseases, using antagonistic microorganisms, are emerging as ecofriendly alternatives to the use of fungicides. The potential of microbial antagonists, isolated from a diversity of natural habitats, for postharvest disease suppression has been investigated. Postharvest biocontrol systems involve tripartite interaction between microbial antagonists, the pathogen and the host, affected by environmental conditions. Several modes for fungistatic activities of microbial antagonists have been suggested, including competition for nutrients and space, mycoparasitism, secretion of antifungal antibiotics and volatile metabolites and induction of host resistance. Postharvest application of microbial antagonists is more successful for efficient disease control in comparison to pre-harvest application. Attempts have also been made to improve the overall efficacy of antagonists by combining them with different physical and chemical substances and methods. Globally, many microbe-based biocontrol products have been developed and registered for commercial use. The present review provides a brief overview on the use of microbial antagonists as postharvest biocontrol agents and summarises information on their isolation, mechanisms of action, application methods, efficacy enhancement, product formulation and commercialisation.
真菌病害在果蔬采后处理、运输和贮藏过程中造成了严重损失。目前，采后真菌腐烂主要通过使用合成杀菌剂来控制。在全球气候变化背景下，为了实现可持续农业，利用拮抗菌等拮抗微生物的生物防治方法作为杀菌剂的替代方法，正逐渐兴起。从各种自然栖息地分离出的微生物拮抗菌在抑制采后病害方面具有很大的潜力。采后生物防治系统涉及微生物拮抗菌、病原菌和宿主之间的三方相互作用，受环境条件的影响。已经提出了微生物拮抗菌抑制真菌活性的几种模式，包括争夺营养和空间、菌寄生、分泌抗真菌抗生素和挥发性代谢物以及诱导宿主抗性。与采前应用相比，微生物拮抗菌在采后应用中更能有效地控制病害。为了提高拮抗菌的整体效果，人们还尝试将其与不同的物理和化学物质和方法结合使用。在全球范围内，已经开发并注册了许多基于微生物的生物防治产品，用于商业用途。本综述简要概述了微生物拮抗菌作为采后生物防治剂的应用，并总结了其分离、作用机制、应用方法、效果增强、产品配方和商品化方面的信息。
