Sarter Martin, Phillips Kyra B
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan.
Behav Neurosci. 2018 Feb;132(1):1-12. doi: 10.1037/bne0000226. Epub 2018 Jan 22.
Cognitive-motivational styles describe predominant patterns of processing or biases that broadly influence human cognition and performance. Here we focus on the impact of cognitive-motivational styles on the response to cues predicting the availability of food or addictive drugs. An individual may preferably conduct an analysis of the motivational significance of reward cues, with the result that such cues per se are perceived as rewarding and worth approaching and working for. Alternatively, a propensity for a "cold" analysis of the behavioral utility of a reward cue may yield search behavior for food or drugs but not involve cue approach. Animal models for studying the neuronal mechanisms mediating such styles have originated from research concerning behavioral indices that predict differential vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors. Rats classified as sign- or goal-trackers (STs, GTs) were found to have opposed attentional biases (bottom-up or cue-driven attention vs. top-down or goal-driven attentional control) that are mediated primarily via relatively unresponsive versus elevated levels of cholinergic neuromodulation in the cortex. The capacity for cholinergic neuromodulation in STs is limited by a neuronal choline transporter (CHT) that fails to support increases in cholinergic activity. Moreover, in contrast to STs, the frontal dopamine system in GTs does not respond to the presence of drug cues and, thus, biases against cue-oriented behavior. The opponent cognitive-motivational styles that are indexed by sign- and goal-tracking bestow different cognitive-behavioral vulnerabilities that may contribute to the manifestation of a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
认知动机风格描述了广泛影响人类认知和表现的主要加工模式或偏差。在此，我们聚焦于认知动机风格对预测食物或成瘾药物可得性线索的反应的影响。个体可能更倾向于对奖励线索的动机意义进行分析，结果是这些线索本身被视为有奖励价值且值得接近和为之努力。或者，对奖励线索的行为效用进行“冷静”分析的倾向可能会产生对食物或药物的搜索行为，但不涉及对线索的接近。用于研究介导此类风格的神经机制的动物模型源自关于预测对成瘾样行为不同易感性的行为指标的研究。被分类为信号追踪者或目标追踪者（STs，GTs）的大鼠被发现具有相反的注意力偏差（自下而上或线索驱动的注意力与自上而下或目标驱动的注意力控制），这些偏差主要通过皮层中相对无反应与升高的胆碱能神经调节水平来介导。STs中的胆碱能神经调节能力受到一种神经元胆碱转运体（CHT）的限制，该转运体无法支持胆碱能活性的增加。此外，与STs相反，GTs中的额叶多巴胺系统对药物线索的存在没有反应，因此偏向于反对以线索为导向的行为。由信号追踪和目标追踪所索引的相反认知动机风格赋予了不同的认知行为易感性，这可能导致多种神经精神疾病的表现。（PsycINFO数据库记录）
