Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Nat Genet. 2018 Mar;50(3):375-380. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0052-9. Epub 2018 Feb 12.
Host resistance and fungicide treatments are cornerstones of plant-disease control. Here, we show that these treatments allow sex and modulate parenthood in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We demonstrate that the Z. tritici-wheat interaction complies with the gene-for-gene model by identifying the effector AvrStb6, which is recognized by the wheat resistance protein Stb6. Recognition triggers host resistance, thus implying removal of avirulent strains from pathogen populations. However, Z. tritici crosses on wheat show that sex occurs even with an avirulent parent, and avirulence alleles are thereby retained in subsequent populations. Crossing fungicide-sensitive and fungicide-resistant isolates under fungicide pressure results in a rapid increase in resistance-allele frequency. Isolates under selection always act as male donors, and thus disease control modulates parenthood. Modeling these observations for agricultural and natural environments reveals extended durability of host resistance and rapid emergence of fungicide resistance. Therefore, fungal sex has major implications for disease control.
宿主抗性和杀菌剂处理是植物疾病控制的基石。在这里，我们表明，这些处理方法允许真菌小麦病原体禾谷丝核菌（Zymoseptoria tritici）进行有性生殖，并调节其亲代关系。我们通过鉴定效应子 AvrStb6 证明了 Z. tritici-小麦互作符合基因对基因模型，该效应子被小麦抗性蛋白 Stb6 识别。识别触发宿主抗性，从而意味着将无毒菌株从病原体种群中去除。然而，禾谷丝核菌在小麦上的杂交表明，即使是在无毒亲本的情况下也会发生有性生殖，并且因此在后续种群中保留了无毒等位基因。在杀菌剂压力下对杀菌剂敏感和抗性分离株进行杂交会导致抗性等位基因频率迅速增加。选择下的分离株总是作为雄性供体，因此疾病控制会调节亲代关系。对农业和自然环境中的这些观察结果进行建模表明，宿主抗性的持久性得到了延长，并且杀菌剂抗性的出现也得到了迅速的发展。因此，真菌的有性生殖对疾病控制具有重大影响。
