Abbott Jennie, Middlemiss Megan, Bruce Vicki, Smailes David, Dudley Robert
School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.
School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Sunderland, United Kingdom.
J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;60:29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.02.007. Epub 2018 Feb 26.
When asked to evaluate faces of strangers, people with paranoia show a tendency to rate others as less trustworthy. The present study investigated the impact of arousal on this interpersonal bias, and whether this bias was specific to evaluations of trust or additionally affected other trait judgements. The study also examined the impact of eye gaze direction, as direct eye gaze has been shown to heighten arousal.
In two experiments, non-clinical participants completed face rating tasks before and after either an arousal manipulation or control manipulation. Experiment one examined the effects of heightened arousal on judgements of trustworthiness. Experiment two examined the specificity of the bias, and the impact of gaze direction.
Experiment one indicated that the arousal manipulation led to lower trustworthiness ratings. Experiment two showed that heightened arousal reduced trust evaluations of trustworthy faces, particularly trustworthy faces with averted gaze. The control group rated trustworthy faces with direct gaze as more trustworthy post-manipulation. There was some evidence that attractiveness ratings were affected similarly to the trust judgements, whereas judgements of intelligence were not affected by higher arousal.
In both studies, participants reported low levels of arousal even after the manipulation and the use of a non-clinical sample limits the generalisability to clinical samples.
There is a complex interplay between arousal, evaluations of trustworthiness and gaze direction. Heightened arousal influences judgements of trustworthiness, but within the context of face type and gaze direction.
当被要求评估陌生人的面孔时，患有偏执狂的人往往会将他人评价为可信度较低。本研究调查了唤醒对这种人际偏见的影响，以及这种偏见是否仅针对信任评估，还是会额外影响其他特质判断。该研究还考察了目光注视方向的影响，因为直接的目光注视已被证明会增强唤醒。
在两项实验中，非临床参与者在进行唤醒操作或对照操作之前和之后完成面孔评分任务。实验一考察了唤醒增强对可信度判断的影响。实验二考察了偏见的特异性以及注视方向的影响。
实验一表明，唤醒操作导致可信度评分降低。实验二表明，唤醒增强降低了可信面孔的信任评估，尤其是目光回避的可信面孔。对照组在操作后将直接注视的可信面孔评为更可信。有证据表明，吸引力评分与信任判断受到类似影响，而智力判断不受较高唤醒的影响。
在两项研究中，即使在操作后参与者报告的唤醒水平也较低，并且使用非临床样本限制了对临床样本的推广性。
唤醒、可信度评估和注视方向之间存在复杂的相互作用。唤醒增强会影响可信度判断，但这是在面孔类型和注视方向的背景下。
