Integrated Plant Protection Unit, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden.
Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
Microb Ecol. 2018 Oct;76(3):751-761. doi: 10.1007/s00248-018-1164-6. Epub 2018 Mar 10.
Semiochemicals released by plant-microbe associations are used by herbivorous insects to access and evaluate food resources and oviposition sites. Adult insects may utilize microbial-derived nutrients to prolong their lifespan, promote egg development, and offer a high nutritional substrate to their offspring. Here, we examined the behavioral role of semiochemicals from grape-microbe interactions on oviposition and field attraction of the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller). The volatile constituents released by grape inoculated with yeasts (Hanseniaspora uvarum (Niehaus), Metschnikowia pulcherrima (Pitt.) M.W. Miller, Pichia anomala, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen, and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (Boutroux) Yarrow), sour rot bacteria (Acetobacter aceti (Pasteur) Beijerinck and Gluconobacter oxydans (Henneberg) De Ley), and a fungal pathogen (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) all endemic of the vineyard were sampled by solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and ethyl acetate were the most common volatiles released from all microbe-inoculated grapes. In addition, acetic acid was released at a substantial amount following bacteria inoculation and in a three-way inoculation with yeasts and the fungus. 2-phenylethanol, a compound reported to attract tortricid moths when used in combination with acetic acid, was found at a relatively low level in all microbial combinations as well as in the control grape. While grapes inoculated with a consortium of yeasts stimulated oviposition in comparison with uninoculated berries, the phytopathogenic fungus deterred egg-laying. Nonetheless, the highest preference to lay eggs was measured when the yeasts were co-inoculated with the fungus. The lowest preference was obtained when grapes were inoculated with sour rot bacteria and their binary co-inoculation with yeasts and the fungus. Interestingly, oviposition on berries simultaneously inoculated with all the three microbial groups was unaffected. Lures loaded with either acetic acid or 2-phenylethanol were not attractive when placed in traps as single component in vineyards, but a binary blend attracted both sexes of grapevine moth in significant numbers. Further addition of the three most common volatiles released by infected berries (ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and ethyl acetate) did not significantly increase moth catch with this binary blend. The ecological implications of the grape-microorganism and grapevine moth interaction as well as the possibility to develop a pest monitoring system based on microbial volatiles are discussed.
植物-微生物共生体释放的信息素被植食性昆虫用来获取和评估食物资源和产卵场所。成虫可能利用微生物衍生的营养物质来延长寿命、促进卵的发育，并为其后代提供高营养的基质。在这里，我们研究了葡萄-微生物相互作用产生的半化学物质对葡萄蛾（Lobesia botrana（Denis & Schiffermüller））产卵和田间吸引力的行为作用。通过固相微萃取（SPME）对用酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum（Niehaus）、Metschnikowia pulcherrima（Pitt.）M.W. Miller、Pichia anomala、Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen 和 Zygosaccharomyces rouxii（Boutroux）Yarrow）、酸腐细菌（Acetobacter aceti（Pasteur）Beijerinck 和 Gluconobacter oxydans（Henneberg）De Ley）和真菌病原体（Botrytis cinerea Pers.）接种的葡萄释放的挥发性成分进行了采样，并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行了分析。所有用微生物接种的葡萄中最常见的挥发性物质是乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇和乙酸乙酯。此外，细菌接种后和酵母与真菌的三向接种后，大量释放了乙酸。当与乙酸一起使用时，据报道会吸引卷叶蛾的 2-苯乙醇，在所有微生物组合以及对照葡萄中都以相对较低的水平存在。与未接种浆果相比，用酵母混合物接种的葡萄会刺激产卵，但植物病原菌会阻止产卵。尽管如此，当酵母与真菌共同接种时，产卵的最高偏好被测量到。当葡萄接种酸腐细菌并与酵母和真菌二元共接种时，获得的最低偏好。有趣的是，同时接种所有三种微生物组的浆果上的产卵不受影响。当在葡萄园作为单一成分放置在诱捕器中时，负载有乙酸或 2-苯乙醇的诱饵没有吸引力，但二元混合物以显著数量吸引了葡萄蛾的雌雄两性。进一步添加感染浆果释放的三种最常见的挥发性物质（乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇和乙酸乙酯）并没有显著增加这种二元混合物的蛾捕获量。讨论了葡萄-微生物和葡萄蛾相互作用的生态意义，以及基于微生物挥发物开发害虫监测系统的可能性。
