The UNEP-DTU Partnership, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, UN City, Marmorvej 51, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Mar 29;15(4):626. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15040626.
Urban outdoor air pollution, especially particulate matter, remains a major environmental health problem in Skopje, the capital of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Despite the documented high levels of pollution in the city, the published evidence on its health impacts is as yet scarce.
we obtained, cleaned, and validated Particulate Matter (PM) concentration data from five air quality monitoring stations in the Skopje metropolitan area, applied relevant concentration-response functions, and evaluated health impacts against two theoretical policy scenarios. We then calculated the burden of disease attributable to PM and calculated the societal cost due to attributable mortality.
In 2012, long-term exposure to PM (49.2 μg/m³) caused an estimated 1199 premature deaths (CI95% 821-1519). The social cost of the predicted premature mortality in 2012 due to air pollution was estimated at between 570 and 1470 million euros. Moreover, PM was also estimated to be responsible for 547 hospital admissions (CI95% 104-977) from cardiovascular diseases, and 937 admissions (CI95% 937-1869) for respiratory disease that year. Reducing PM levels to the EU limit (25 μg/m³) could have averted an estimated 45% of PM-attributable mortality, while achieving the WHO Air Quality Guidelines (10 μg/m³) could have averted an estimated 77% of PM-attributable mortality. Both scenarios would also attain significant reductions in attributable respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions.
Besides its health impacts in terms of increased premature mortality and hospitalizations, air pollution entails significant economic costs to the population of Skopje. Reductions in PM concentrations could provide substantial health and economic gains to the city.
城市户外空气污染，尤其是颗粒物，仍是前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国首都斯科普里的一个主要环境健康问题。尽管该城市的污染水平有记录可查，但有关其健康影响的已发表证据仍很少。
我们从斯科普里大都市区的五个空气质量监测站获得、清理和验证了颗粒物（PM）浓度数据，应用了相关的浓度-反应函数，并根据两个理论政策情景评估了健康影响。然后，我们计算了归因于 PM 的疾病负担，并计算了归因于死亡率的社会成本。
2012 年，长期暴露于 PM（49.2μg/m³）导致估计有 1199 人过早死亡（95%置信区间 821-1519）。由于空气污染，2012 年预计的过早死亡的社会成本估计在 5.70 亿至 14.70 亿欧元之间。此外，PM 还估计导致该年 547 例心血管疾病住院（95%置信区间 104-977）和 937 例呼吸系统疾病住院（95%置信区间 937-1869）。将 PM 水平降低到欧盟限值（25μg/m³）可避免估计有 45%的 PM 归因死亡率，而达到世界卫生组织空气质量准则（10μg/m³）可避免估计有 77%的 PM 归因死亡率。这两种情景都将使归因于呼吸和心血管系统的住院人数显著减少。
除了增加过早死亡和住院人数造成的健康影响外，空气污染还给斯科普里的居民带来了巨大的经济成本。降低 PM 浓度可以为城市带来巨大的健康和经济效益。
