Asian Development Research Institute (ADRI), Patna, BH, India.
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, MH, India.
Sci Rep. 2021 Dec 2;11(1):22771. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02232-z.
Accelerating growth due to industrialization and urbanization has improved the Indian economy but simultaneously has deteriorated human health, environment, and ecosystem. In the present study, the associated health risk mortality (age > 25) and welfare loss for the year 2017 due to excess PM concentration in ambient air for 31 major million-plus non-attainment cities (NACs) in India is assessed. The cities for the assessment are prioritised based on population and are classified as 'X' (> 5 million population) and 'Y' (1-5 million population) class cities. Ground-level PM concentration retrieved from air quality monitoring stations for the NACs ranged from 33 to 194 µg/m. Total PM attributable premature mortality cases estimated using global exposure mortality model was 80,447 [95% CI 70,094-89,581]. Ischemic health disease was the leading cause of death accounting for 47% of total mortality, followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD-17%), stroke (14.7%), lower respiratory infection (LRI-9.9%) and lung cancer (LC-1.9%). 9.3% of total mortality is due to other non-communicable diseases (NCD-others). 7.3-18.4% of total premature mortality for the NACs is attributed to excess PM exposure. The total economic loss of 90,185.6 [95% CI 88,016.4-92,411] million US$ (as of 2017) was assessed due to PM mortality using the value of statistical life approach. The highest mortality (economic burden) share of 61.3% (72.7%) and 30.1% (42.7%) was reported for 'X' class cities and North India zone respectively. Compared to the base year 2017, an improvement of 1.01% and 0.7% is observed in premature mortality and economic loss respectively for the year 2024 as a result of policy intervention through National Clean Air Action Programme. The improvement among 31 NACs was found inconsistent, which may be due to a uniform targeted policy, which neglects other socio-economic factors such as population, the standard of living, etc. The study highlights the need for these parameters to be incorporated in the action plans to bring in a tailored solution for each NACs for better applicability and improved results of the programme facilitating solutions for the complex problem of air pollution in India.
工业化和城市化带来的经济增长虽然提高了印度经济水平，但同时也恶化了人类健康、环境和生态系统。本研究评估了 2017 年印度 31 个主要千万人口以上未达标城市（NAC）由于大气中 PM 浓度过高而导致的相关健康风险死亡率（年龄＞25 岁）和福利损失。根据人口对城市进行了优先排序，并将城市分为“X”类（＞500 万人口）和“Y”类（1-500 万人口）城市。从 NAC 的空气质量监测站获取的地面 PM 浓度范围为 33 至 194μg/m。使用全球暴露死亡率模型估计的总 PM 归因于过早死亡的病例数为 80447 例[95%置信区间 70094-89581]。缺血性疾病是导致死亡的主要原因，占总死亡人数的 47%，其次是慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD-17%）、中风（14.7%）、下呼吸道感染（LRI-9.9%）和肺癌（LC-1.9%）。总死亡率的 9.3%归因于其他非传染性疾病（NCD-其他）。NAC 中，7.3-18.4%的过早死亡率归因于 PM 暴露过多。使用生命统计价值方法，评估了 90185.6 百万美元（截至 2017 年）的 PM 死亡率导致的总经济损失。“X”类城市和印度北部地区分别报告了 61.3%（72.7%）和 30.1%（42.7%）的最高死亡率（经济负担）份额。与 2017 年基准年相比，由于国家清洁空气行动计划的政策干预，2024 年过早死亡率和经济损失分别观察到 1.01%和 0.7%的改善。31 个 NAC 之间的改善情况不一致，这可能是由于针对特定城市的统一靶向政策，忽略了人口、生活水平等其他社会经济因素。该研究强调需要将这些参数纳入行动计划，为每个 NAC 制定量身定制的解决方案，以提高该计划的适用性，并改善印度空气污染这一复杂问题的结果。
