a Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center , Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran.
b Department de Psychiatry et Neuroscience , Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2018 Sep-Oct;37(7):627-639. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1447411. Epub 2018 Apr 9.
Apples are known as a major source of polyphenols, dietary fiber, carotenoids, and other nutrients. There are many documents and studies that show fruit polyphenols likely promote anti-obesity effects and exert their beneficial effects via scavenging free radicals, regulating gene expression, and altering signal transduction in target cells and tissues, especially fat tissues.The goal of this review is to presenti the major components of apple and the evidence that indicates its potential to diminution weight gain risk from in vitro, animal, and epidemiological and clinical studies. This review summarizes data about the apple and apple products that been have reported to reduce weight gain by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling pathways. An extensive search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify human, animal, and cell culture studies on the association between weight loss and apple consumption, published from inception up to journey 15, 2017. The feeding of apples rats (7-10 mg/kg/d) in different forms in 8 experiments have shown that this caused weight loss during 3 to 28 weeks. In agreement with this, the obtained results from 5 experiments on humans have revealed that consumption of the whole apple or apple juice (240-720 mg/d) in 4-12 weeks by fat people can cause weight loss. Experiments on animals and humans have shown that the consumption of apples in different forms can cause weight loss in overweight ones. However, the main questions are which kind of apple, which part of it, how much, and how long overweight persons should consume them to reduce their body fat and body mass index (BMI). Then, it is necessary to do a meta-analysis to show how these factors affect the body fat percentage and whether this weight-lowering effect is statistically significant or not.
苹果是多酚、膳食纤维、类胡萝卜素和其他营养素的主要来源。有许多文献和研究表明，水果多酚可能通过清除自由基、调节靶细胞和组织（尤其是脂肪组织）中的基因表达和改变信号转导来促进抗肥胖作用，并发挥其有益作用。本文综述的目的是介绍苹果的主要成分，并提供其潜在减少体外、动物、流行病学和临床研究中体重增加风险的证据。本文综述了关于苹果和苹果产品的资料，这些资料表明，通过抗氧化、抗增殖和细胞信号通路等多种机制可以减轻体重增加。在 PubMed、Science Direct、Scopus 和 Google Scholar 上进行了广泛搜索，以确定关于苹果消费与体重减轻之间关联的人体、动物和细胞培养研究，这些研究的发表时间从最初到 2017 年 7 月 15 日。在 8 项实验中，以不同形式给老鼠喂食 7-10mg/kg/d 的苹果，结果表明这导致了 3-28 周的体重减轻。与此一致的是，在 5 项针对人类的实验中获得的结果表明，超重者在 4-12 周内食用整个苹果或苹果汁（240-720mg/d）可以减轻体重。动物和人类的实验表明，以不同形式食用苹果可以导致超重者体重减轻。然而，主要问题是哪种苹果、它的哪个部分、多少以及超重者应该食用多久才能减少体脂和体重指数（BMI）。然后，有必要进行荟萃分析以显示这些因素如何影响体脂百分比，以及这种减肥效果是否具有统计学意义。
