College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Sep 1;634:478-487. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.012. Epub 2018 Apr 6.
Boscalid has been widely used for controlling various plant diseases. It is one of the most frequently detected pesticides in main coastal estuaries in California, with concentrations as high as 36μg/L, but its ecotoxicology information is scarce. To assess the aquatic risk of boscalid, acute toxicity and sub-lethal developmental toxicity toward zebrafish embryos were determined in the present study. In the acute toxicity test, a series of toxic symptoms of embryos were observed, including abnormal spontaneous movement, slow heartbeat, yolk sac oedema, pericardial oedema, spine deformation and hatching inhibition, and 96-h-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) of boscalid toward zebrafish embryos was 2.65 (2.506-2.848)mg/L. From the results of the sub-lethal developmental toxicity test, boscalid was confirmed to have a great impact on development mechanisms of zebrafish embryos. Cell apoptosis in embryos was induced by boscalid with upregulation of genes in the cell apoptosis and an increase of capspase-3 and caspase-9 activity in the present study. Lipid metabolism was affected in embryos due to changes in gene expression and the contents of total triacylglyceride and cholesterol. Melanin synthesis and deposition was caused in embryos due to alterations in related gene expression. Overall, changes in cell apoptosis, lipid metabolism and melanin synthesis and deposition might be responsible for developmental toxicity of boscalid to zebrafish embryos.
波尔多液已被广泛用于防治各种植物病害。它是加利福尼亚州主要沿海河口区检测到的最常见的农药之一，浓度高达 36μg/L，但关于其生态毒理学信息却很少。为了评估波尔多液的水生风险，本研究测定了其对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性和亚致死发育毒性。在急性毒性试验中，观察到胚胎出现一系列毒性症状，包括异常自发运动、心跳缓慢、卵黄囊水肿、心包水肿、脊柱变形和孵化抑制，波尔多液对斑马鱼胚胎的 96 小时半数致死浓度（LC50）为 2.65（2.506-2.848）mg/L。亚致死发育毒性试验结果表明，波尔多液对斑马鱼胚胎的发育机制有很大影响。本研究中，波尔多液诱导胚胎细胞凋亡，细胞凋亡相关基因上调，caspase-3 和 caspase-9 活性增加。由于基因表达和总三酰甘油及胆固醇含量的变化，胚胎的脂质代谢受到影响。由于相关基因表达的改变，胚胎中的黑色素合成和沉积增加。总的来说，细胞凋亡、脂质代谢和黑色素合成和沉积的改变可能是波尔多液对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的原因。
