Effectiveness of interventions on breastfeeding self-efficacy and perceived insufficient milk supply: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy on an intervention on breastfeeding self-efficacy and perceived insufficient milk supply outcomes. The literature search was conducted among 6 databases (CINAHL, Medline, PsyncInfo, Scopus, Cochrane, and ProQuest) in between January 2000 to June 2016. Two reviewers independently assessed the articles for the following inclusion criteria: experimental or quasi-experimental studies; healthy pregnant women participants intending to breastfeed or healthy breastfeeding women who gave birth to a term singleton and healthy baby; intervention administered could have been educational, support, psycho-social, or breastfeeding self-efficacy based, offered in prenatal or postnatal or both, in person, over the phone, or with the support of e-technologies; breastfeeding self-efficacy or perceived insufficient milk supply as outcomes. Seventeen studies were included in this review; 12 were randomized controlled trials. Most interventions were self-efficacy based provided on 1-to-1 format. Meta-analysis of RCTs revealed that interventions significantly improved breastfeeding self-efficacy during the first 4 to 6 weeks (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI 0.11-0.69, p = 0.006). This further impact exclusive breastfeeding duration. Only 1 study reported data on perceived insufficient milk supply. Women who have made the choice to breastfeed should be offered breastfeeding self-efficacy-based interventions during the perinatal period. Although significant effect of the interventions in improving maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy was revealed by this review, there is still a paucity of evidence on the mode, format, and intensity of interventions. Research on the modalities of breastfeeding self-efficacy should be pursued.