Ouattara Louise A, Anderson Sharon M, Doncel Gustavo F
CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia.
Andrologia. 2018 Dec;50(11):e13220. doi: 10.1111/and.13220.
Exosomes are endosomal-derived membrane-confined nanovesicles secreted by many (if not all) cell types and isolated from every human bodily fluid examined up to now including plasma, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. Exosomes are thought to represent a new player in cell-to-cell communication pathways and immune regulation, and be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Susceptibility to HIV-1 infection can be impacted by exosomes, while HIV-1 pathogenesis can alter exosomal function and composition. Exosomes isolated from semen and vaginal fluid of healthy individuals can inhibit HIV-1 infection and/or potently block viral transfer in vitro. However, the role of exosomes in HIV-1 transmission and progression is not fully understood yet and some studies show conflicting results, mainly for exosomes isolated from plasma and breast milk. Determining the composition of exosomes from infected donors and studying their interaction with HIV-1 in vitro compared to exosomes isolated from uninfected donors will provide insights into the role exosomes play in HIV-1 transmission during sexual intercourse and breastfeeding.
外泌体是源自内体的膜包被纳米囊泡，由许多（即便不是所有）细胞类型分泌，并且从目前检测过的每一种人体体液中都能分离得到，包括血浆、精液、阴道分泌物和母乳。外泌体被认为是细胞间通讯途径和免疫调节中的一个新参与者，并且参与许多生理和病理过程。HIV-1感染的易感性会受到外泌体的影响，而HIV-1发病机制会改变外泌体的功能和组成。从健康个体的精液和阴道液中分离出的外泌体能够在体外抑制HIV-1感染和/或有效地阻断病毒传播。然而，外泌体在HIV-1传播和进展中的作用尚未完全明确，一些研究显示出相互矛盾的结果，主要是关于从血浆和母乳中分离出的外泌体。与从未感染供体分离出的外泌体相比，确定感染供体外泌体的组成并研究它们在体外与HIV-1的相互作用，将有助于深入了解外泌体在性交和母乳喂养期间HIV-1传播中所起的作用。
