Zeng Tian Chen, Vyazov Leonid A, Kim Alexander, Flegontov Pavel, Sirak Kendra, Maier Robert, Lazaridis Iosif, Akbari Ali, Frachetti Michael, Tishkin Alexey A, Ryabogina Natalia E, Agapov Sergey A, Agapov Danila S, Alekseev Anatoliy N, Boeskorov Gennady G, Derevianko Anatoly P, Dyakonov Viktor M, Enshin Dmitry N, Fribus Alexey V, Frolov Yaroslav V, Grushin Sergey P, Khokhlov Alexander A, Kiryushin Kirill Yu, Kiryushin Yurii F, Kitov Egor P, Kosintsev Pavel, Kovtun Igor V, Makarov Nikolai P, Morozov Viktor V, Nikolaev Egor N, Rykun Marina P, Savenkova Tatyana M, Shchelchkova Marina V, Shirokov Vladimir, Skochina Svetlana N, Sherstobitova Olga S, Slepchenko Sergey M, Solodovnikov Konstantin N, Solovyova Elena N, Stepanov Aleksandr D, Timoshchenko Aleksei A, Vdovin Aleksandr S, Vybornov Anton V, Balanovska Elena V, Dryomov Stanislav, Hellenthal Garrett, Kidd Kenneth, Krause Johannes, Starikovskaya Elena, Sukernik Rem, Tatarinova Tatiana, Thomas Mark G, Zhabagin Maxat, Callan Kim, Cheronet Olivia, Fernandes Daniel, Keating Denise, Candilio Francesca, Iliev Lora, Kearns Aisling, Özdoğan Kadir Toykan, Mah Matthew, Micco Adam, Michel Megan, Olalde Iñigo, Zalzala Fatma, Mallick Swapan, Rohland Nadin, Pinhasi Ron, Narasimhan Vagheesh M, Reich David
Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
Nature. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09189-3.
The North Eurasian forest and forest-steppe zones have sustained millennia of sociocultural connections among northern peoples, but much of their history is poorly understood. In particular, the genomic formation of populations that speak Uralic and Yeniseian languages today is unknown. Here, by generating genome-wide data for 180 ancient individuals spanning this region, we show that the Early-to-Mid-Holocene hunter-gatherers harboured a continuous gradient of ancestry from fully European-related in the Baltic, to fully East Asian-related in the Transbaikal. Contemporaneous groups in Northeast Siberia were off-gradient and descended from a population that was the primary source for Native Americans, which then mixed with populations of Inland East Asia and the Amur River Basin to produce two populations whose expansion coincided with the collapse of pre-Bronze Age population structure. Ancestry from the first population, Cis-Baikal Late Neolithic-Bronze Age (Cisbaikal_LNBA), is associated with Yeniseian-speaking groups and those that admixed with them, and ancestry from the second, Yakutia Late Neolithic-Bronze Age (Yakutia_LNBA), is associated with migrations of prehistoric Uralic speakers. We show that Yakutia_LNBA first dispersed westwards from the Lena River Basin around 4,000 years ago into the Altai-Sayan region and into West Siberian communities associated with Seima-Turbino metallurgy-a suite of advanced bronze casting techniques that expanded explosively from the Altai. The 16 Seima-Turbino period individuals were diverse in their ancestry, also harbouring DNA from Indo-Iranian-associated pastoralists and from a range of hunter-gatherer groups. Thus, both cultural transmission and migration were key to the Seima-Turbino phenomenon, which was involved in the initial spread of early Uralic-speaking communities.
北欧亚森林和森林草原地带维系着北方各民族长达数千年的社会文化联系，但其大部分历史仍鲜为人知。尤其是，如今说乌拉尔语系和叶尼塞语系语言的人群的基因组形成情况尚不清楚。在此，通过为该地区180名古代个体生成全基因组数据，我们发现，早全新世至中全新世的狩猎采集者拥有一个连续的祖先梯度，从波罗的海地区完全与欧洲相关的祖先，到外贝加尔地区完全与东亚相关的祖先。西伯利亚东北部的同期群体偏离了这个梯度，他们是美洲原住民的主要来源群体的后裔，该群体随后与东亚内陆和阿穆尔河流域的人群混合，产生了两个人口群体，其扩张与青铜时代之前的人口结构崩溃同时发生。来自第一个群体，即贝加尔湖以西新石器时代晚期至青铜时代（Cisbaikal_LNBA）的祖先，与说叶尼塞语系的群体以及与之混合的群体有关，而来自第二个群体，即雅库特新石器时代晚期至青铜时代（Yakutia_LNBA）的祖先，则与史前说乌拉尔语系人群的迁徙有关。我们表明，雅库特新石器时代晚期至青铜时代群体大约在4000年前首先从勒拿河流域向西扩散到阿尔泰山 - 萨彦岭地区以及与谢马 - 图尔宾诺冶金相关的西西伯利亚社区，谢马 - 图尔宾诺冶金是一套从阿尔泰山迅速传播开来的先进青铜铸造技术。这16个谢马 - 图尔宾诺时期的个体在祖先方面具有多样性，还携带来自与印欧语系相关的牧民以及一系列狩猎采集者群体的DNA。因此，文化传播和迁徙都是谢马 - 图尔宾诺现象的关键因素，该现象与早期说乌拉尔语系社区的最初传播有关。
