Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio 43004.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2019 Sep 3;9(9):a033472. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033472.
Both hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) cause self-limited infections in humans that are preventable by vaccination. Progress in characterizing adaptive immune responses against these enteric hepatitis viruses, and how they contribute to resolution of infection or liver injury, has therefore remained largely frozen for the past two decades. How HAV and HEV infections are so effectively controlled by B- and T-cell immunity, and why they do not have the same propensity to persist as HBV and HCV infections, cannot yet be adequately explained. The objective of this review is to summarize our understanding of the relationship between patterns of virus replication, adaptive immune responses, and acute liver injury in HAV and HEV infections. Gaps in knowledge, and recent studies that challenge long-held concepts of how antibodies and T cells contribute to control and pathogenesis of HAV and HEV infections, are highlighted.
甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)和戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)均可在人类中引起自限性感染,可通过疫苗预防。过去二十年中,人们在描述针对这些肠道肝炎病毒的适应性免疫反应及其如何有助于清除感染或减轻肝损伤方面的进展基本停滞不前。HAV 和 HEV 感染为何能如此有效地被 B 细胞和 T 细胞免疫控制,而它们为何不像 HBV 和 HCV 感染那样具有持续存在的倾向,目前仍无法得到充分解释。本文综述的目的是总结我们对 HAV 和 HEV 感染中病毒复制模式、适应性免疫反应和急性肝损伤之间关系的理解。本文强调了知识空白,并介绍了最近的一些研究,这些研究挑战了关于抗体和 T 细胞如何有助于控制和发病机制的长期观念。