Saltzman B E
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1985 Mar;46(3):134-41. doi: 10.1080/15298668591394545.
Information on variability and bias of analyses of industrial hygiene samples is needed for quality control, for design of sampling programs, and for interpretation of results. Data was assembled from interlaboratory programs conducted by PAT-NIOSH, CDC, West Allis Memorial Hospital, and the Toxicology Center of Quebec for 12 types of samples. At the geometric mean concentrations of the reference samples the relative standard deviations of reported results were as follows: Pb, Cd, Zn on membrane filters--4.7%; solvents on charcoal tubes--6.5%; Pb in blood--(CDC) 19%, (West Allis) 13%, (Quebec) 10%; Cd in blood--52%; Cd in urine--40%; As in urine--30%; Hg in urine--25%; F in urine--13%. For free silica on membrane filters, at the geometric mean value the geometric standard deviation was 1.29. For asbestos on membrane filters the statistical analysis was made on the square roots of the values, and the range of one standard deviation was from 68% to 138% of the average value. Four methods for Pb in blood were in close agreement, but three for As in urine differed substantially. Most methods did not achieve the reproducibility required by the NIOSH criteria. The probability of false positive and negative interpretation of results from each group of participating laboratories may be calculated from these data.
为了进行质量控制、设计采样方案以及解释结果，需要有关工业卫生样品分析的变异性和偏差的信息。数据来自于由职业安全与健康研究所（PAT-NIOSH）、疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）、西艾利斯纪念医院以及魁北克毒理学中心开展的实验室间项目，涉及12种类型的样品。在参考样品的几何平均浓度下，报告结果的相对标准偏差如下：膜滤器上的铅、镉、锌——4.7%；活性炭管上的溶剂——6.5%；血液中的铅——（疾病控制与预防中心）19%，（西艾利斯）13%，（魁北克）10%；血液中的镉——52%；尿液中的镉——40%；尿液中的砷——30%；尿液中的汞——25%；尿液中的氟——13%。对于膜滤器上的游离二氧化硅，在几何平均值时几何标准偏差为1.29。对于膜滤器上的石棉，对数值的平方根进行了统计分析，一个标准偏差的范围为平均值的68%至138%。血液中铅的四种方法结果相近，但尿液中砷的三种方法差异很大。大多数方法未达到职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）标准所要求的重现性。可以根据这些数据计算每组参与实验室结果假阳性和假阴性解释的概率。
