School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
PLoS One. 2018 Jun 18;13(6):e0199005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199005. eCollection 2018.
In a two-echelon new energy vehicle (NEV) supply chain consisting of a risk-neutral manufacturer and a risk-averse retailer, the coordination and sustainability problem is investigated. The risk-averse retailer, who makes sales effort and undertakes the incurred effort cost, decides the order quantity and sales effort level under the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) criterion. We derive the optimal centralized decisions of a vertically integrated supply chain where the retailer is owned by the manufacturer. Taking such a centralized case as the benchmark, we prove that the subsidy-sharing-based wholesale price (SS-WP) contract fails to coordinate the NEV supply chain under the decentralized case where the retailer makes decisions independently. Then we design a subsidy-sharing-based sales rebate/penalty (SS-SRP) contract and derive the contract parameters to achieve coordination. We evaluate the coordination efficiency of this contract and find that a well-designed SS-SRP contract can promote the NEV sales and lead to a Pareto-improving win-win situation for both the NEV manufacturer and retailer compared to the non-coordination case. A series of numerical experiments are carried out to compare the effects of significant parameters under the SS-WP and SS-SRP contract and provide additional observations and implications, including an indication of the necessary conditions to sustainably maintain the NEV supply chain.
在一个由风险中性制造商和风险厌恶零售商组成的两级新能源汽车（NEV）供应链中，研究了协调和可持续性问题。风险厌恶的零售商进行销售努力并承担由此产生的努力成本，根据条件风险价值（CVaR）准则决定订单数量和销售努力水平。我们推导出零售商为制造商所有的垂直整合供应链的最优集中决策。以这样一个集中的案例作为基准，我们证明了在零售商独立决策的分散情况下，基于补贴分享的批发价格（SS-WP）合同无法协调 NEV 供应链。然后，我们设计了基于补贴分享的销售回扣/罚款（SS-SRP）合同，并推导出了实现协调的合同参数。我们评估了该合同的协调效率，并发现与非协调情况相比，设计良好的 SS-SRP 合同可以促进 NEV 的销售，并为 NEV 制造商和零售商带来帕累托改进的双赢局面。进行了一系列数值实验，比较了 SS-WP 和 SS-SRP 合同下显著参数的效果，并提供了其他观察结果和启示，包括维持 NEV 供应链可持续性的必要条件的指示。
