Psychiatric manifestations in Wilson's disease: possibilities and difficulties for treatment.

Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited metabolic disorder related to disturbances of copper metabolism, and predominantly presents with liver and neuropsychiatric symptoms. In most cases it can be successfully treated with anti-copper agents, and both liver function and neuropsychiatric symptoms typically improve. Treatment guidelines for WD include recommendations for anti-copper treatment as well as for the treatment of liver failure symptoms. Recently, recommendations for treatment of the neurological symptoms of WD have also been proposed. Although most WD patients present with psychiatric symptoms at some stage of the disease, currently there are no guidelines for the treatment of the psychiatric manifestations. Treatment of the psychiatric symptoms of WD is often guided by general psychiatric experience, which typically glosses over the specificity of WD, and can result in severe neurological and/or hepatic complications. Here we review and discuss the possible treatments available for the mood disturbances, psychosis, behavioral and cognitive disorders that can occur in WD, as well as their efficacy.