Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2019 Feb;43(2):219-232. doi: 10.1038/s41366-018-0143-9. Epub 2018 Jul 6.
Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent throughout the world and can adversely affect the nutritional status of individuals. Studies have shown that many people with obesity have inadequate intake of iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, folate and vitamins A and B, likely as a result of poor diet quality. Nutritional inadequacies or deficiencies may also occur due to altered pharmacokinetics in the individual with obesity and due to interactions in those with overweight or obesity with various pharmaceuticals. However, it has been demonstrated that the adult population in the United States as a whole is deficient in certain micronutrients as a result of the availability and overconsumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient processed foods. Poor nutrition may contribute to the development of certain chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, which is already more prevalent in those with obesity. Clinicians need to be aware of these gaps, particularly in those individuals with obesity who are undergoing bariatric surgery or taking pharmaceutical products long term to facilitate weight loss. Patients with overweight or obesity likely struggle to achieve a balanced diet and may benefit from consultation with a dietitian. Along with providing recommendations for healthy eating and exercise, supplementation with specific micronutrients or multivitamins should be considered for individuals at the highest risk for or with established deficiencies. Further research is needed to understand the factors underlying nutritional inadequacies in individuals with overweight or obesity, as well as the outcomes of treatment strategies employed to address them.
超重和肥胖在全球范围内非常普遍，可能会对个人的营养状况产生不利影响。研究表明，许多肥胖者铁、钙、镁、锌、铜、叶酸和维生素 A、B 的摄入量不足，这可能是由于饮食质量差。由于肥胖者的药代动力学改变，以及超重或肥胖者与各种药物相互作用，也可能出现营养不足或缺乏。然而，已经证明，由于高热量、低营养加工食品的供应和过度消费，美国整体成年人群体缺乏某些微量营养素。营养不良可能导致某些慢性疾病的发展，如 2 型糖尿病，而肥胖者中这种疾病更为普遍。临床医生需要注意这些差距，特别是在那些正在接受减重手术或长期服用药物以促进减肥的肥胖者中。超重或肥胖的患者可能难以实现均衡饮食，他们可能会受益于咨询营养师。除了提供健康饮食和运动的建议外，还应考虑为营养风险最高或已经存在营养缺乏的个体补充特定的微量营养素或多种维生素。需要进一步研究，以了解超重或肥胖个体营养不足的根本原因，以及为解决这些问题而采用的治疗策略的结果。
