Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Oct;120:32-40. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.002. Epub 2018 Jul 3.
This study was undertaken to analyze 29 pesticides residues in 37 commercially olive oil collected samples from Iran's markets using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) approach along with acetonitrile for the extraction, surface adsorbents for clean-up procedure, following with a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). In order to eliminate the matrix effect, the calibration curves were drawn using spiked samples with the Area under curve (AUC) portion calculation of pesticide residue to AUC internal standard (Triphenyl Methane (TPM)). Moreover, the probabilistic health risk assessment includes non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk were estimated by target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and cancer risk (CR) using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 10-1500 ng/g, and R was higher than 0.994. All pesticides recoveries as average were in the range of 77.97-112.65%. The respective numbers attributed to LOD and LOQ were 3-5 ng/g and 8-15 ng/g. Results showed that 29.7% of samples were contaminated by pesticides which according to Iranian regulation, while in 7 cases banned pesticides were detected. Only 4 samples are noncompliant with EU regulation. The rank order of pesticides based on THQ was Heptachlor > DDT > Pretilachlor. Also, TTHQ for adults was 0.139; and children 0.467. The rank order of pesticides based on CR was Heptachlor > DDT. Consumers (adults and children) are not at non-carcinogenic risk due to ingestion of oil olive content (THQ and TTHQ < 1 value) but are at considerable carcinogenic (CR > 1E-6). According to the observed profile of pesticide in olive oil samples, which are mostly banned according to Iranian regulation, further improvements in agriculture procedures of cultivated olive in Iran, as well as required assessments of imported olive oil, was recommended.
本研究采用 QuEChERS 方法结合乙腈进行提取，采用表面吸附剂进行净化，随后采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析了从伊朗市场采集的 37 个商业橄榄油样品中的 29 种农药残留。为了消除基质效应，使用加标样品绘制校准曲线，并用农药残留的 AUC 部分与内标（三苯基甲烷（TPM））的 AUC 部分计算曲线下面积（AUC）。此外，使用蒙特卡罗模拟（MCS）方法通过目标危害系数（THQ）、总目标危害系数（TTHQ）和癌症风险（CR）估计非致癌和致癌风险的概率健康风险评估。校准曲线在 10-1500ng/g 范围内呈线性，R 高于 0.994。所有农药的平均回收率在 77.97-112.65%范围内。LOD 和 LOQ 分别为 3-5ng/g 和 8-15ng/g。结果表明，29.7%的样品受到农药污染，而根据伊朗法规，有 7 种禁用农药被检出。只有 4 个样品不符合欧盟法规。根据 THQ，农药的排序为七氯>滴滴涕>丙草胺。此外，成人的 TTHQ 为 0.139；儿童为 0.467。根据 CR，农药的排序为七氯>滴滴涕。由于摄入橄榄油中的油含量（THQ 和 TTHQ<1 值），消费者（成人和儿童）不存在非致癌风险，但存在相当大的致癌风险（CR>1E-6）。根据观察到的橄榄油样品中农药的特征，其中大部分根据伊朗法规被禁止，建议进一步改进伊朗种植橄榄的农业程序，并对进口橄榄油进行必要的评估。
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