Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, South Korea.
Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, South Korea.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jun 1;625:1369-1379. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.282. Epub 2018 Jan 12.
In Korea, humidifiers that include biocidal ingredients have caused serious lung injuries and deaths. After these incidents, public concern regarding the use of chemicals in products (i.e., chemical phobia) increased. Frequent health risk assessments and stringent management of consumer products are, therefore, of paramount importance to reduce these serious occurrences. In this study, the irritative and respiratory health effects of deodorants were assessed in relation to dermal and inhalation exposure. In total, 64 deodorants were divided into 5 groups by application type, and health risk assessments were conducted on each group. In total, 26 fragrance ingredients and 27 biocidal ingredients were analyzed and assessed according to their risk to human health. Exposure assessment was performed in two steps. In the tiered 1 assessment (screening), the 95th exposure factor values were used to estimate exposure to assume the worst-case scenario. The maximum concentration in the deodorants was used without considering the application type. In the tiered 2 assessment (detail assessment), the 75th exposure factor values were used to estimate the assumed reasonable exposure to ingredients. In these assessments, the maximum concentration used in the exposure models was determined by the product purpose and application type. The values input into the exposure algorithms were developed via the exposure route. Of the selected fragrance and biocidal active ingredients, 18 fragrance and 13 biocidal ingredients were detected in the deodorants that were assessed. From the results of the tiered 1 assessment, it was necessary for tiered 2 risk assessments to be conducted for 6 ingredients for the inhalation route, and 13 ingredients for the dermal route. The inhalation margin of exposure of ingredients in deodorants of gel/trigger/spray types for home/car and fabric/air usage was above the target margin of exposure. The health risk of 6 evaluated ingredients was relatively low for the inhalation route of exposure. This study showed that the assessed ingredients have no health risks at their maximum concentrations in deodorants. The approach discussed in this study should be used to establish improved guidelines for specific ingredients in consumer products, and for setting limits for newly developed raw materials that may pose dermal and inhalation hazard.
在韩国，含有杀菌成分的加湿器导致了严重的肺部损伤和死亡。这些事件发生后，公众对产品中化学物质的使用（即化学恐惧症）的关注度增加。因此，频繁的健康风险评估和对消费品的严格管理对于减少这些严重事件至关重要。在这项研究中，评估了除臭剂的刺激性和呼吸道健康影响，涉及皮肤和吸入暴露。共有 64 种除臭剂按应用类型分为 5 组，并对每组进行了健康风险评估。共有 26 种香料成分和 27 种杀菌成分根据其对人类健康的风险进行了分析和评估。暴露评估分两步进行。在分层 1 评估（筛选）中，使用 95%暴露因子值来估计最坏情况下的暴露情况。在不考虑应用类型的情况下，使用除臭剂中的最大浓度。在分层 2 评估（详细评估）中，使用 75%暴露因子值来估计对成分的假定合理暴露情况。在这些评估中，暴露模型中使用的最大浓度是由产品用途和应用类型决定的。暴露算法中输入的值是通过暴露途径开发的。在所选择的香料和杀菌活性成分中，有 18 种香料和 13 种杀菌成分在评估的除臭剂中被检测到。从分层 1 评估的结果来看，有 6 种成分需要进行分层 2 风险评估，用于吸入途径，13 种成分用于皮肤途径。家用/汽车凝胶/触发/喷雾型和织物/空气用途除臭剂中成分的吸入暴露边际值高于目标暴露边际值。评估成分的吸入暴露途径的健康风险相对较低。这项研究表明，在所评估的除臭剂中，其最大浓度下的成分没有健康风险。本研究中讨论的方法应用于为消费品中的特定成分制定改进的指南，并为可能对皮肤和吸入造成危害的新开发原料设定限制。
