Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Nov;242(Pt A):507-518. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.100. Epub 2018 Jul 4.
Pesticides, in particular insecticides, can be very beneficial but have also been found to have harmful side effects on non-target insects. Butterflies play an important role in ecosystems, are well monitored and are recognised as good indicators of environmental health. The amount of information already known about butterfly ecology and the increased availability of genomes make them a very valuable model for the study of non-target effects of pesticide usage. The effects of pesticides are not simply linear, but complex through their interactions with a large variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Furthermore, these effects manifest themselves at a variety of levels, from the molecular to metapopulation level. Research should therefore aim to dissect these complex effects at a number of levels, but as we discuss in this review, this is seldom if ever done in butterflies. We suggest that in order dissect the complex effects of pesticides on butterflies we need to integrate detailed molecular studies, including characterising sequence variability of relevant target genes, with more classical evolutionary ecology; from direct toxicity tests on individual larvae in the laboratory to field studies that consider the potentiation of pesticides by ecologically relevant environmental biotic and abiotic stressors. Such integration would better inform population-level responses across broad geographical scales and provide more in-depth information about the non-target impacts of pesticides.
杀虫剂，特别是杀虫剂，可能非常有益，但也被发现对非目标昆虫有有害的副作用。蝴蝶在生态系统中起着重要的作用，它们受到很好的监测，并被认为是环境健康的良好指标。关于蝴蝶生态学的信息量已经很大，而且基因组的可用性也在增加，这使得它们成为研究农药使用对非目标影响的非常有价值的模型。杀虫剂的影响不是简单的线性的，而是通过与大量生物和非生物因素的相互作用而变得复杂。此外，这些影响表现在多种水平上，从分子到集合种群水平。因此，研究的目的应该是在多个层面上剖析这些复杂的影响，但正如我们在这篇综述中讨论的那样，在蝴蝶中很少这样做。我们建议，为了剖析杀虫剂对蝴蝶的复杂影响，我们需要将详细的分子研究，包括对相关靶基因序列变异性的描述，与更经典的进化生态学相结合；从实验室中单个幼虫的直接毒性测试到考虑到生态相关的生物和非生物胁迫因素对杀虫剂增效作用的野外研究。这种整合将更好地了解跨越广泛地理范围的种群水平反应，并提供关于杀虫剂非目标影响的更深入信息。
