Travassos Bruno, Coutinho Diogo, Gonçalves Bruno, Pedroso Paulo, Sampaio Jaime
Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; CIDESD - Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development, CreativeLab, Portugal.
Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; CIDESD - Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development, CreativeLab, Portugal.
Hum Mov Sci. 2018 Oct;61:19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.06.017. Epub 2018 Jul 6.
This study identified how the manipulation in the number of goal targets affects the tactical behaviour of players from different age groups (U9, U11, U15 and U17). Forty youth futsal players performed two small-sided games based on Gk + 4vs4 + Gk situation with one regular and two small targets. TACTO software was used to capture players and ball displacements. The following variables were computed and presented as absolute values, coefficient of variation and regularity (approximate entropy): (i) distance from each player to the team centre (DtC); (ii) distance from each player to the ball (DtB); (iii) distance between team centres (DbTC); and (iv) distance from team centre to the ball (DCtB). The team dispersion increased with two goal targets (mainly the DbTC, U9 and U17, large effects; U11 and U15, very large effects). Also, the use of two goal targets condition increased the variability in the DbTC (U9, small effects; U11 and U15 moderate effects; U17, very large effects) and DCtB (U9 and U17 moderate effects and U11 and U15 small effects). Overall, the approximate entropy values showed higher regularity in the condition with two targets. All age groups were sensitive to the manipulation of goal targets, however, the U9 were the most sensitive to the changes, as seen by the dispersion of players in the field. Thus, coaches can use one target to promote movement irregularity of players and two targets to increase the team dispersion, mainly in younger age groups that tend to be agglomerated around the ball.
本研究确定了球门目标数量的变化如何影响不同年龄组（U9、U11、U15和U17）球员的战术行为。40名青少年五人制足球运动员进行了两场基于“门将+4对4+门将”局面的小型比赛，有一个常规目标和两个小目标。使用TACTO软件捕捉球员和球的位移。计算了以下变量，并以绝对值、变异系数和规律性（近似熵）表示：（i）每个球员到球队中心的距离（DtC）；（ii）每个球员到球的距离（DtB）；（iii）球队中心之间的距离（DbTC）；以及（iv）球队中心到球的距离（DCtB）。有两个球门目标时球队的分散程度增加（主要是DbTC，U9和U17，影响较大；U11和U15，影响非常大）。此外，使用两个球门目标的情况增加了DbTC（U9，影响较小；U11和U15，影响中等；U17，影响非常大）和DCtB（U9和U17，影响中等；U11和U15，影响较小）的变异性。总体而言，近似熵值在有两个目标的情况下显示出更高的规律性。所有年龄组对球门目标的变化都很敏感，然而，U9对变化最为敏感，从球员在场上的分散情况可以看出。因此，教练可以使用一个目标来促进球员的移动不规则性，使用两个目标来增加球队的分散程度，主要是在倾向于聚集在球周围的较年轻年龄组中。
