Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Aug 17;15(8):1774. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15081774.
Studded tires are used in a number of countries during winter in order to prevent accidents. The use of tire studs is controversial and debated because of human health impacts from increased road particle emissions. The aims of this study are to assess whether the use of tire studs in a Scandinavian studded passenger car actually avoids or causes health impacts from a broader life cycle perspective, and to assess the distribution of these impacts over the life cycle. Life cycle assessment is applied and the disability-adjusted life years indicator is used to quantify the following five types of health impacts: (1) impacts saved in the use phase, (2) particle emissions in the use phase, (3) production system emissions, (4) occupational accidents in the production system, and (5) conflict casualties from revenues of cobalt mining. The results show that the health benefits in the use phase in general are outweighed by the negative impacts during the life cycle. The largest contribution to these negative human health impacts are from use phase particle emissions (67⁻77%) and occupational accidents during artisanal cobalt mining (8⁻18%). About 23⁻33% of the negative impacts occur outside Scandinavia, where the benefits occur. The results inform the current debate and highlight the need for research on alternatives to tire studs with a positive net health balance.
钉胎在一些国家的冬季被用于防止事故。由于道路颗粒物排放增加对人类健康的影响，轮胎钉的使用存在争议。本研究旨在评估斯堪的纳维亚钉胎乘用车实际使用轮胎钉是否能避免或造成健康影响，并评估这些影响在整个生命周期内的分布。本研究应用生命周期评估，并使用伤残调整生命年来量化以下五种类型的健康影响：（1）使用阶段的影响节省；（2）使用阶段的颗粒物排放；（3）生产系统排放；（4）生产系统中的职业事故；（5）钴矿开采收入导致的冲突伤亡。研究结果表明，使用阶段的健康益处通常被生命周期内的负面影响所抵消。对这些负面人类健康影响的最大贡献来自使用阶段的颗粒物排放（67-77%）和手工钴矿开采期间的职业事故（8-18%）。约 23-33%的负面影响发生在受益于斯堪的纳维亚以外的地区。研究结果为当前的辩论提供了信息，并强调了需要研究对轮胎钉的替代品，以实现积极的净健康平衡。
