Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, U.K.
Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K.
Biochem Soc Trans. 2018 Oct 19;46(5):1021-1027. doi: 10.1042/BST20180114. Epub 2018 Aug 28.
As part of their life cycle, Gram-negative bacteria produce and release microvesicles (outer membrane vesicles, OMVs) consisting of spherical protrusions of the outer membrane that encapsulate periplasmic contents. OMVs produced by commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals are dispersed within the gut lumen with their cargo and enzymes being distributed across and throughout the GI tract. Their ultimate destination and fate is unclear although they can interact with and cross the intestinal epithelium using different entry pathways and access underlying immune cells in the lamina propria. OMVs have also been found in the bloodstream from which they can access various tissues and possibly the brain. The nanosize and non-replicative status of OMVs together with their resistance to enzyme degradation and low pH, alongside their ability to interact with the host, make them ideal candidates for delivering biologics to mucosal sites, such as the GI and the respiratory tract. In this mini-review, we discuss the fate of OMVs produced in the GI tract of animals with a focus on vesicles released by species and the use of OMVs as vaccine delivery vehicles and other potential applications.
在其生命周期的一部分，革兰氏阴性菌产生并释放微泡（外膜囊泡，OMVs），由外膜的球形突起组成，其中包裹着周质内容物。动物胃肠道（GI）道共生菌产生的 OMVs 与货物和酶一起在肠腔中分散，并分布在整个 GI 道中。尽管它们可以通过不同的进入途径与肠道上皮相互作用并穿过肠道上皮，进入固有层中的潜在免疫细胞，但它们的最终去向和命运尚不清楚。OMVs 也存在于血液中，它们可以从血液中进入各种组织，可能还包括大脑。OMVs 的纳米尺寸和非复制状态，以及它们对酶降解和低 pH 的抵抗力，以及它们与宿主相互作用的能力，使它们成为将生物制剂递送到黏膜部位（如胃肠道和呼吸道）的理想候选物。在这篇迷你综述中，我们讨论了动物胃肠道中产生的 OMVs 的命运，重点讨论了由 种释放的囊泡，以及将 OMVs 用作疫苗递送载体和其他潜在应用。
