母乳和配方奶中的环境化学物质：暴露和风险评估的影响。
Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications.
机构信息
Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, Maryland, USA.
出版信息
Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Sep;126(9):96001. doi: 10.1289/EHP1953.
BACKGROUND
Human health risk assessment methods have advanced in recent years to more accurately estimate risks associated with exposure during childhood. However, predicting risks related to infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula remains challenging.
OBJECTIVES
Our goal was to compile available information on infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, describe methods to characterize infant exposure and potential for health risk in the context of a risk assessment, and identify research needed to improve risk analyses based on this type of exposure and health risk information.
METHODS
We reviewed recent literature on levels of environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, with a focus on data from the United States. We then selected three example publications that quantified infant exposure using breast milk or formula chemical concentrations and estimated breast milk or formula intake. The potential for health risk from these dietary exposures was then characterized by comparison with available health risk benchmarks. We identified areas of this approach in need of improvement to better characterize the potential for infant health risk from this critical exposure pathway.
DISCUSSION
Measurements of chemicals in breast milk and formula are integral to the evaluation of risk from early life dietary exposures to environmental chemicals. Risk assessments may also be informed by research investigating the impact of chemical exposure on developmental processes known to be active, and subject to disruption, during infancy, and by analysis of exposure-response data specific to the infant life stage. Critical data gaps exist in all of these areas.
CONCLUSIONS
Better-designed studies are needed to characterize infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and infant formula as well as to improve risk assessments of chemicals found in both foods. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1953.
背景
近年来，人类健康风险评估方法不断发展，以更准确地估计儿童时期暴露相关的风险。然而，预测与婴儿在母乳和配方奶中接触环境化学物质相关的风险仍然具有挑战性。
目的
我们的目标是编译关于婴儿在母乳和配方奶中接触环境化学物质的现有信息，描述在风险评估背景下描述婴儿暴露和潜在健康风险的方法，并确定为改善基于这种暴露和健康风险信息的风险分析所需的研究。
方法
我们回顾了关于母乳和配方奶中环境化学物质水平的最新文献，重点是来自美国的数据。然后，我们选择了三篇定量分析母乳或配方奶中化学物质浓度和估计母乳或配方奶摄入量的示例出版物。然后，通过与可用的健康风险基准进行比较，描述了这种饮食暴露的潜在健康风险。我们确定了这种方法需要改进的领域，以更好地描述从这种关键暴露途径对婴儿健康风险的潜在影响。
讨论
母乳和配方奶中化学物质的测量是评估早期生命暴露于环境化学物质的饮食风险的重要组成部分。风险评估还可以通过研究化学暴露对发育过程的影响来提供信息，这些发育过程在婴儿期是活跃的，并且容易受到干扰，还可以通过分析特定于婴儿生命阶段的暴露-反应数据来提供信息。在所有这些领域都存在关键的数据差距。
结论
需要更好设计的研究来描述婴儿在母乳和婴儿配方奶中的环境化学物质暴露情况，并改进对这两种食物中发现的化学物质的风险评估。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1953.
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