Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China,
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China,
Int J Nanomedicine. 2018 Sep 4;13:5045-5057. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S166661. eCollection 2018.
Selective laser melting (SLM) titanium is an ideal option to manufacture customized implants with suitable surface modification to improve its bioactivity. The peri-implant soft tissues form a protective tissue barrier for the underlying osseointegration. Therefore, original microrough SLM surfaces should be treated for favorable attachment of surrounding soft tissues.
In this study, anodic oxidation (AO) was applied on the microrough SLM titanium substrate to form TiO nanotube arrays. After that, calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles were embedded into the nanotubes or the interval of nanotubes by electrochemical deposition (AOC). These two samples were compared to untreated (SLM) samples and accepted mechanically polished (MP) SLM titanium samples. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, surface roughness, and water contact angle measurements were used for surface characterization. The primary human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were cultured for cell assays to determine adhesion, proliferation, and adhesion-related gene expressions.
For HGECs, AOC samples showed significantly higher adhesion, proliferation, and adhesion-related gene expressions than AO and SLM samples (<0.05) and similar exceptional ability in above aspects to MP samples. At the same time, AOC samples showed the highest adhesion, proliferation, and adhesion-related gene expressions for HGFs (<0.05).
By comparison between each sample, we could confirm that both anodic oxidation and CaP nanoparticles had improved bioactivity, and their combined utilization may likely be superior to mechanical polishing, which is most commonly used and widely accepted. Our results indicated that creating appropriate micro-/nano-topographies can be an effective method to affect cell behavior and increase the stability of the peri-implant mucosal barrier on SLM titanium surfaces, which contributes to its application in dental and other biomedical implants.
选择性激光熔化（SLM）钛是制造具有合适表面改性以提高其生物活性的定制植入物的理想选择。种植体周围的软组织为下面的骨整合形成保护性组织屏障。因此，原始的微粗糙 SLM 表面应进行处理，以利于周围软组织的附着。
在这项研究中，对微粗糙的 SLM 钛基底进行阳极氧化（AO）以形成 TiO 纳米管阵列。之后，通过电化学沉积（AOC）将磷酸钙（CaP）纳米颗粒嵌入纳米管或纳米管之间。将这两个样品与未处理的（SLM）样品和接受机械抛光（MP）SLM 钛样品进行比较。使用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X 射线衍射、表面粗糙度和水接触角测量来进行表面特性分析。培养原代人牙龈上皮细胞（HGECs）和人牙龈成纤维细胞（HGFs）进行细胞分析，以确定粘附、增殖和粘附相关基因表达。
对于 HGECs，AOC 样品的粘附、增殖和粘附相关基因表达明显高于 AO 和 SLM 样品（<0.05），在上述方面与 MP 样品具有相似的优异能力。同时，AOC 样品对 HGFs 的粘附、增殖和粘附相关基因表达最高（<0.05）。
通过对每个样品进行比较，我们可以确认阳极氧化和 CaP 纳米颗粒都提高了生物活性，并且它们的联合使用可能优于最常用和广泛接受的机械抛光。我们的结果表明，创造适当的微/纳米形貌是一种有效的方法，可以影响细胞行为并增加 SLM 钛表面种植体周围黏膜屏障的稳定性，从而有助于其在牙科和其他生物医学植入物中的应用。
