Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, USA.
Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, USA.
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2018 Oct;23(7):983-993. doi: 10.1007/s00775-018-1617-x. Epub 2018 Sep 27.
It is common for bacteria to produce chemically diverse sets of small Fe-binding molecules called siderophores. Studies of siderophore bioinorganic chemistry have firmly established the role of these molecules in Fe uptake and provided great insight into Fe complexation. However, we still do not fully understand why microbes make so many siderophores. In many cases, the release of small structural variants or siderophore fragments has been ignored, or considered as an inefficiency of siderophore biosynthesis. Yet, in natural settings, microbes live in complex consortia and it has become increasingly clear that the secondary metabolite repertoires of microbes reflect this dynamic environment. Multiple siderophore production may, therefore, provide a window into microbial life in the wild. This minireview focuses on three biochemical routes by which multiple siderophores can be released by the same organism-multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, fragment release, and precursor-directed biosynthesis-and highlights emergent themes related to each. We also emphasize the plurality of reasons for multiple siderophore production, which include enhanced iron uptake via synergistic siderophore use, microbial warfare and cooperation, and non-classical functions such as the use of siderophores to take up metals other than Fe.
细菌通常会产生化学性质多样的一系列称为铁载体的小分子 Fe 结合分子。对铁载体生物无机化学的研究已经明确了这些分子在 Fe 摄取中的作用，并为 Fe 络合提供了深刻的见解。然而，我们仍然不完全了解微生物为什么要制造如此多的铁载体。在许多情况下，小分子结构变体或铁载体片段的释放被忽视了，或者被认为是铁载体生物合成的低效。然而，在自然环境中，微生物生活在复杂的共生体中，越来越明显的是，微生物的次生代谢产物谱反映了这种动态环境。因此，多种铁载体的产生可能为我们了解野外微生物的生活提供了一个窗口。这篇综述聚焦于同一种生物体通过三种生化途径释放多种铁载体：多个生物合成基因簇、片段释放和前体导向生物合成，并强调了与每种途径相关的新兴主题。我们还强调了产生多种铁载体的多种原因，包括通过协同铁载体利用增强铁摄取、微生物战争与合作以及非经典功能，例如利用铁载体摄取除 Fe 以外的其他金属。
