Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia Province, Egypt.
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia Province, Egypt.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Jan 15;167:60-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.121. Epub 2018 Oct 5.
Available data regarding Imidacloprid (IMI) insecticide hazards to birds are still being scare. Our study aimed to investigate toxic impacts of IMI oral gavage by different dose levels on the brain and liver of Rock pigeon (Columba livia domestica). Forty mature male birds were divided equally into four groups. A control group (C) was orally dosed Mazola corn oil and other three groups; the low dose (LD), the medium dose (MD), and the high dose (HD) groups were orally dosed IMI in Mazola corn oil by three dose levels corresponding to 1/15, 1/10, 1/5 IMI oral LD respectively. IMI exposure induced a significant decrease in serum levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity. On the other hand; malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated. The levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio showed a non-significant changes in all IMI dosed groups except levels of total protein in the HD IMI dosed group showed a significant decrease compared to the C group. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid, plasma tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChEs) enzyme activities showed a significant dose related increase in all IMI exposed groups compared to the C group; except the levels of ALT, LDH, and uric acid showed a non significant decrease in the LD IMI dosed group only. Residues of IMI were detected in the pectoral muscles, liver, brain, and kidney of all dosed rock pigeon. Moreover; pectoral muscles were the highest tissue for IMI residues detection. This is the first study reports accumulation of IMI in tissues other than crop, liver, and kidney of rock pigeon including brain and muscles. Moreover, the examined brain and liver tissues of all IMI dosed groups showed dosed related alterations in their structural and ultra-structural morphology. It is concluded that IMI oral administration to pigeon induced oxidative stress and detrimental effects in brain and liver of exposed pigeons. Additionally; IMI bio-accumulated in different organs being muscles is the highest tissues for IMI residues, thus monitoring of IMI residues in food is very essential.
有关吡虫啉（IMI）杀虫剂对鸟类危害的可用数据仍然很少。我们的研究旨在调查不同剂量水平的 IMI 口服灌胃对家鸽（Columba livia domestica）大脑和肝脏的毒性影响。将 40 只成熟雄性鸽子平均分为四组。对照组（C）口服 Mazola 玉米油，其他三组；低剂量（LD）、中剂量（MD）和高剂量（HD）组分别口服 Mazola 玉米油中的 IMI，剂量水平对应于 IMI 口服 LD 的 1/15、1/10 和 1/5。IMI 暴露导致血清谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平显著降低，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）酶活性降低。另一方面，丙二醛（MDA）水平升高。除高剂量 IMI 组的总蛋白水平与 C 组相比显著降低外，所有 IMI 给药组的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白和 A/G 比值均无显著变化。所有 IMI 暴露组的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、尿酸、血浆肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）和血浆乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChEs）酶活性均与 C 组相比呈显著剂量相关性增加；除 LD IMI 剂量组的 ALT、LDH 和尿酸水平略有下降外。所有给药的岩鸽的胸肌、肝脏、大脑和肾脏中均检测到 IMI 残留。此外，胸肌是检测 IMI 残留的最高组织。这是首次报道 IMI 在除嗉囊、肝脏和肾脏以外的组织（包括大脑和肌肉）中积累的研究。此外，所有 IMI 给药组的检查大脑和肝脏组织均表现出与其结构和超微结构形态相关的剂量依赖性改变。综上所述，IMI 口服给予鸽子会导致鸽子的大脑和肝脏产生氧化应激和有害影响。此外，IMI 在不同器官中的生物积累，肌肉是 IMI 残留的最高组织，因此监测食物中的 IMI 残留非常重要。
